Biting Bite and Child Care Center free essay sample

Some reasons for biting includes: frustration, lack of confidence, lack of motor development, sensory integration problems, imitation, and teething. Although there are many possible explanations for biting behavior, the fact remains that it is a practical issue for caregivers, adults, and young children† (Atiles, Stegelin, Long 1997). Parents, caregivers, and other children find biting to be a major ordeal. Reactions when a child bites range from dismissive to overwhelmed. Children that bite are not misbehaving, but simply doing what comes natural to them. â€Å"The most important thing to keep in mind is that children have no instinct to attack one another. Childrens primary focus is to explore, learn and play with their friends, family and siblings. Once you pinpoint the reason behind the biting, curbing it is really simple† (Dwyer 2002) â€Å"Biting is a very emotional topic for the parents of toddlers and preschoolers. We tend to look at a child who bites with more disdain and perhaps more fear than a child the same age that kicks or hits. We will write a custom essay sample on Biting: Bite and Child Care Center or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There is something wild and animal-like in a bite that makes it particularly upsetting, even if the risks of physical harm are quite small† (Kutner 2007).Major changes at home can cause a child to bite, such as a parent going back to work after being home with them for so long. Infants and toddlers do not have the words to make their feelings known and yet more frustration builds. Although this frustration builds, a child never releases it when biting. Sensory integration dysfunction is described as being the senses not being able to function properly. â€Å"Dysfunction of Sensory Integration (DSI) is a neurological disability in which the brain is unable to accurately process the information coming in from the senses.Individuals may be oversensitive to some sensations, wildly overreacting to touch or movement or loss of balance; under sensitive to some sensations, needing crashing or banging or sharp sounds and flavors to register anything; or a combination of both† (Mauro). This type of dysfunction is one of many theories on why children bite. The ways the child feels make them act out in ways such as biting. When a child is introduced to a child care center they see many new behaviors such as kissing and biting, and hitting.After seeing these new ideas they basically put them into memory where they are stored until they can try them out. The first chance they get they start to try these things out and the behavior problem explodes. Even in the most loving of homes children see kissing that they may think is actually biting and therefore imitate that as well. â€Å"Young children often experience frustration. Growing up is a real struggle. Drinking from a cup is great, yet nursing or sucking from a bottle is also wonderful. Sometimes it would be nice to remain a baby.Toddlers don’t have good control over their bodies yet. t. They have trouble asking for things or requesting help. They haven’t learned how to play with others. When you don’t have words to express your feelings, sometimes you show others by hitting, pushing, or biting† (Oesterreich) Frustration is probably the number one reason for biting. Children feel a sense that they cannot communicate and so then bite to make their feelings known. Research is the first step to learn about this behavior problem. While staying calm, talk to co-workers, parents, and administrators. They may have some insight on how to change or modify the biting going on in your class. Surveys and questionnaires may have to be used when one on one communication is not available. The next step is to watch the child, see what is going on, before they bite. When speaking to the actual child that bites, let them know that the behavior that they just demonstrated is not right. Use words like â€Å"no biting† or â€Å"keep your mouth to yourself†. In most child care centers using the word â€Å"no† is not acceptable, so find something that will work for you in your class.The caregiver then needs to switch their attention over to the child that was bitten. This only reinforces to the child that bit that biting is wrong. After concern is shown to the child that is bitten redirect both children to different areas in the room. This may help the situation for only a few moments, so keep your eyes on the biter at all times. As a parent you must know all there is to know about the child care center your child is going to be attending. First of all know the staff and the ratios of the class your child will be in.In Missouri it is one teacher to four children in an infant or toddler room. This is very important because children can feel crowded and want to gain attention anyway that they can. Make sure that the teachers are getting down on the child’s level and actually playing with them while still watching other children for the biting. This will make a child feel more comfortable and may be less inclined to bite. Find out what exactly is happening when the child goes to bite-is it lunch time, play time, or when they are left unstructured.If you see when the child is biting, the teacher may be able to change the routine of the class to prevent it. Lunch time is a big issue and many children bite when they are hungry. If biting happens around lunch try and schedule lunch earlier or provide children with chewy snacks. This will keep the class occupied until lunch comes. During play time, which is usually an unstructured time, make sure there is more than one of each kind of toy. Many biters bite over a toy they want and do not have. Also, this is a great time for the teacher to get down on the child’s level.Play with them and learn something about them. Play time is a great time to give them a little tender loving care. Show children how to handle what they feel in positive ways. This may be hard with infants and toddlers, but still try. When another child does something nice praise them for doing it. This can show the children in your room that there are others way to get attention other than the negative. At all times offer new solutions to biting such as looking at a different toy instead of the one they are going to bite for. Ask parents to try these methods at home as well. If attention seems to be the main cause for biting, try to spend time with your child when he or she is doing more positive things. Snuggle up and read a book together or roll a ball back and forth. This is much more fun than giving or receiving a scolding† (Oesterreich 2006). â€Å"Preventive models remind early childhood educators to keep a close eye on children who have a history of biting, provide more toys, and teach young children to use their words to express their feelings† (Ramming, Kyger, Thompson 2006). When words are not available to children they may feel the need to use biting as a source of communication.Caregivers may feel that biting cause’s chaos in their room and feel responsible. Administrators fear that the biting will lead to liability suits. Parents of the biter are worried that the biting will never end and that their child will eventually be kicked out. Parents of the child that is bitten feel stress and fear for their child. All around this behavior can be a stressor to everyone. Biting needs to be dealt with swiftly and rationally. What works for one room may not work for yours, but try everything that you can. As a group work out possible solutions and make the biting go away.

Master the German Language Exams - Level A1

Master the German Language Exams - Level A1 I would like to introduce to you the different levels that you can achieve in an official German exam. There are two language certificates that are renowned all over Germany and possibly all over the world: The TELC, the Ãâ€"SD (Austrian standard) and the Goethe-Certificates. There are plenty of other certificates around and while they might be of the same quality as the ones above, for certain purposes they might not suffice. There are also quite a few other standards worldwide which you can find in a neatly organized table here.  According to the European reference frame, there are six language mastery levels which I will present to you over the coming months. Please be patient with me. Quick Overview The six language levels that you can achieve are:   A1, A2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BeginnerB1, B2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  IntermediateC1, C2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advanced The division of A1-C2 into beginner, intermediate and advanced is not very exact but should rather give you an idea of what level of proficiency those levels are aiming at. It is, of course, impossible to measure your language skill precisely and with every grading system, there can be huge gaps between a bad B1 level and an excellent one. But those labels were created to make language skills of university or job applicants comparable all over Europe. They have defined them as precisely as they could in the so-called Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). Absolute beginner A1 according to the CEFR would mean that you, I quote the  above source:   Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type.Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has.Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help. To see a sample of how that would sound, I recommend that you take a look at ​some of these videos here. What is an A1 certificate good for? Next, to marking a significant first stage in your German learning, it often is a requirement for some nationalities to get a visa for Germany. For the reunion of Turkish family members, the European Court of Justice has declared such requirements as void. In case of doubt, I suggest that you simply call your local German embassy and ask.   How long does it take to reach A1 You are probably aware of the difficulty to answer this question to anyone’s satisfaction. In case of a standard intensive German course here in Berlin, you would need two months, five days a week with 3 hours of daily tuition plus 1.5 hours of homework. That sums up to 200 hours of learning to finish A1 (4.5 hours x 5 days x 4 weeks x 2 months). That is if you are studying in a group. With individual tuition, you might be able to achieve this level in half the time or even quicker. Do I need to attend a German course to reach A1? While there are many things one can accomplish on ones own, with languages I would always advise you to seek some guidance. It doesn’t have to be an expensive or intensive language course. Seeing a good German tutor for 2-3 times 45mins per week might do the job. But she would have to provide you with sufficient homework and direction to make sure you are and stay on the right track. Learning on your own might simply take longer as you might first have to figure out what material to use and how to establish a learning routine. Also, you will not have any error correction which might lead to the establishment of fluent but broken German which is very hard to fix. Those who say they don’t need a teacher, most likely don’t. If you are challenged financially, use the internet to find affordable tutors. Try three to five tutors and go for the one that makes the most competent impression.An alternative is group courses at local language schools. I’m not a big fa n of those but I also understand that sometimes the situation doesn’t allow for anything else.    How much does it cost to reach A1 Well, the costs, of course, depend on the institution that you are taking the course with. Those range from 80â‚ ¬ / month at Volkshochschule (VHS) to 1.200â‚ ¬ / month at the Goethe Institut (during summer here in Berlin, their prices vary worldwide). There are also ways to get your German learning subsidized by the government. I will talk about these in detail in the coming weeks but in case you would like to do some research on your own, look for German integration courses (Integrationskurse), the ESF program or check out the requirements for a Bildungsgutschein (education voucher) issued from the Agentur fà ¼r Arbeit. Although the latter might rather be granted for learners at a higher level of German. How do I prepare the most efficient way for such an exam? When I still went to school to pass an exam it was always really helpful to take a look at older exams. Like this one gets an impression on what kind of questions or tasks are requested and will, therefore, feel already accustomed to the material. Nothing is worse than sitting in an exam and realizing that one doesn’t know what to do.  You can find model exams for A1 (and the higher levels) on these pages: TELCÃâ€"SD (check the right sidebar for the sample exam)Goethe Those institutions also offer additional material for purchase in case you feel the need to prepare a bit more. Get a free evaluation of your written skill They all come with answer keys so that you can evaluate your skill yourself. To get an evaluation of your writing skills I suggest that you send your work to the lang-8 community. It is free, though they have a premium subscription offer that pays off in case you need your texts to be corrected a bit faster. You need to correct other learners’ texts though to gain credits that you then can use to „payâ€Å" for the correction of your work. Mental preparation An exam is always an emotional experience. If you are not the least bit nervous in such a situation, you are a „Kalter Hundâ€Å" or a very good actor. I think I have never really failed an exam (only once in fourth-grade elementary school in Religion) but I can clearly feel my stress levels rising when being tested.To prepare a bit for this experience, you might want to use mental training which has proven to be effective for sportspeople. If you can visit the examination center beforehand to get an impression of the room and to check out how to get there smoothly in time on your examination day. Try to remember some details of that place or simply try to find images of it on the institution’s homepage.   With these images in your mind and maybe after having watched those videos of oral exams above, close your eyes and imagine sitting in your exam and answering questions. In case of the oral exam, imagine how you’d sound like and how everyone smiles (some German examiners have a physiological disorder which doesn’t allow them to smile - see above videos) and how you get out of this exam satisfied with yourself.   This might take just a minute or two. So repeat it in the morning when waking up and just before your go to sleep as early as a month before the exam takes place. You will find that it makes a significant difference. That’s it for the A1 exam. Should you still have any question regarding this exam just contact me and I will get back to you asap.

A Confucian Approach to Paternalistic Leadership and Ethical Judgement Research Paper

A Confucian Approach to Paternalistic Leadership and Ethical Judgement in Chinese Management - Research Paper Example Methodology The research uses a literature review to collect and collate previous researches dealing with the topic and then conducts a critical review and analysis of the literature to develop research propositions. Findings It is found that the Paternalistic Leadership style is underpinned by the Confucian principles and collectivism and that the Paternalistic leaders are able to influence ethical judgment and decision making. Practical Implications It is highlighted that in spite of the numerous advantages associated with the Paternalistic Leadership style there are also several concerns associated with its utility in the modern day globalized and highly competitive business environment. Â  Original Value The current research highlights the gap in the literature regarding comprehensive research that can test the utility of Paternalistic Leadership Style in the context of globalization. 2. Introduction The teachings of Confucius have had a very deep influence on the Chinese societ y. The Government of China also adopted these principles as official philosophy of the state for centuries until they adopted the "Three Principles of the People" when the nation embraced Republicanism. This study takes a look at Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China and explores how Confucianism relates positively to collectivism in Chinese cultural contexts. According to Confucianism, basic tenets of humanism include principles that guide relationships, promote collectivism and guide ethical standards. The basic principles of Confucianism have a profound impact on the way Chinese organizations operate. The current paper aims to explore the cultural underpinnings of the Paternalistic Leadership styles adopted by the Chinese organizations and also to develop possible implications for the same. The research uses an exhaustive literature review where journal articles are researched and an exhaustive collection of previous research and theories on the subject is obtained. The collected articles are reviewed for their relevance to the topic and then collated under themes that are then discussed critically in the following literature review. 2. Literature Review and Propositions Development (1) Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China The teachings of Confucius have had a very deep influence on the Chinese society. The Government of China also adopted these principles as official philosophy of the state for centuries until they adopted the "Three Principles of the People" when the nation embraced Republicanism. This study takes a look at Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China and explores how Confucianism relates positively to collectivism in Chinese cultural contexts. According to Confucianism, basic tenets of humanism include principles that guide relationships, promote collectivism and guide ethical standards. The basic principles of Confucianism can be seen manifested in the culture of China as discussed below. Confucianism Guides Relatio nships in Chinese Culture According to the philosophy of Confucius, each individual has been given a specific role and he or she has to fulfil these duties. The way in which relationships are conducted has been dictated by the Confucian philosophy. For example, according to Wu Lun, there are five relationships that should be carried out in proper manner giving respect to the hierarchy. These relationships are between ruler and subject; father and son; elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife and between friends. In the first four ones, there is a clear hierarchy, where one person has the authority over the others. This means that the superior factor in the relationship have the power to rule over the other factor (Bailey, 2011). Therefore, ruler, father, elder brother and

Fahad mid Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fahad mid - Assignment Example a) Political Geography: It defines the section of geography dealing with matters related to human governments, as well as, the divisions that exist among human group due to culture, religion, language, and ethnicity. It mainly deals with nationality and socio-economic factors; for instance, the existence of the Middle East led by the UAE and Europe led by the European Union. d) Enclave Vis-Ã  -vis Exclave: Enclave is the state of a country existing physically within another country (mostly a larger country), as result, it is surrounded by foreign land, for example, Swaziland in South Africa (De 18). On the other hand, an exclave exists in a manner that is almost separated from the main country but is a part of it although it may be politically independent, for instance, Kaliningrad and Russia. e) Mediterranean State Vis-Ã  -vis Mediterranean Region State: Mediterranean state describes the two countries existent in the Mediterranean region or Mediterranean Sea. Malta and Cyprus are the two Mediterranean states. Mediterranean region state describes the condition of the surrounding of the Mediterranean for example, the economic, political, or climatic state of the area. a) Spatial Geography: it is the concept in geography that analyzes factors involving space. It seeks to examine and explain movement, distance, location, distribution, and change over duration, region, as well asother factors related to space. b) Physical Geography: it is a branch of natural science involved in the analysis of natural occurrences on the earth’s surface. It explores the creation of landforms (ocean, coast, and mountains e.tc.) and their characteristics, in addition to factors such as atmosphere, climate, vegetation, soil and others (De 28). c) Land-Use Planning: the concept explores the effective and efficient use of land whether urban or rural in a manner that promotes economic and environmental balance.

The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe - Essay Example The narrator does not seem to be the slightest troubled by the apparent loss of both his wife and his sanity. Through the narrator, Poe leads you on with a drastic chain of events and inner thoughts. He builds the story upon his detailed description of the events that took place and leads the reader into overdrive with astonishing actions. It follows that the literary element most notable in The Black Cat is Poe’s utilization of the narrator’s point of view to advance moral and psychological investigations. This essay then considers the narrator’s first person perspective and examines the ways that it is utilized to advance the literary and narrative elements of moral structure, characterization, and narrative elements. Edgar Allen Poe’s use of the narrator’s point of view in The Black Cat furthers the story’s moral dilemma in many regards. One of the most prominent ways this occurs is in its consideration of the man’s relation with his wife. While in great degree he treats her poorly and is a dysfunctional human being, she is depicted, even through his admittedly perverse perspective, to be an upstanding and humane individual. It follows that the woman’s depiction as an upstanding individual who cares for animals functions to increase the reader’s sympathy for her after the man ruthlessly murders her with the axe. It’s also notable that the man, while feeling remorse and debilitating guilt after murdering the cat, feels virtually no such guilt after murdering his wife. In these regards, the narrative reveals an element of his psychological perversion. While this event is perhaps the most significant in terms of criminal actions, one can just as easi ly identify his torture and eventual murder of the original cat as the narrator’s most strikingly perverse and immoral acts. Poe makes excellent use of the 1st person perspective in gauging the significance of this event to the narrator’s psyche. He

The Role of a Quantity Surveyor

The Role of a Quantity Surveyor Quantity Surveyors are also widely known as construction economist or cost manager. They are known as one of the professional advisers to the construction industry. As an advisory, Quantity Surveyors estimate and monitor all construction cost thought the whole development process which is shown as below:- In each phase there consists of many stages. Quantity Surveyors are also involve with tax depreciation schedules, replacement cost estimation for insurance purposes and if necessary intervention and negotiation. Quantity Surveyors are mostly employed as consultants to the clients on major building and construction projects. In the development process Quantity Surveyors tend to work closely together with architects, projects owner, accountants, insurance underwriters, lawyers and judges and also with all levels of government authorities. These are the stages in each phase:- However, the Quantity Surveyors mainly involved themselves from the feasibility stage of a project to the completion of the construction period. Inception Phase During the inception phase, clients instructions are given to Quantity Surveyors. Also, Quantity Surveyors will advise the client on the need to obtain statutory approvals and of the duties of the client under the CDM regulations. After they received information about the shop lots from the client, then they will visit the shop lots and carry out an initial appraisal. Appraisal The appraisal stage is the first stage in the development process which involves both identifying the clients requirements and the possible constraints on development. Studies will be undertaken to enable a client to decide on whether to proceed and if so which procurement route should be selected, on the basis of the outcomes required. In the other words, Quantity Surveyors will carry out studies to determine the feasibility of the Clients requirement. Strategic Briefing The strategic briefing stage, which is done by or on behalf of the client, identifies the key requirements and constraints involved. It identifies the procedures, organizational structure and the type and range of consultants to be used. It is important during this early part of the process to consider a range of issues that are going to determine whether the project has any chance of coming to fruition. Feasibility and Viability At feasibility stage, Quantity Surveyors use their knowledge of construction methods and costs to advise the owner on the most economical way of achieving his or her requirements. They may use techniques such as Cost Planning, Estimating, Cost Analysis, Cost-in-use Studies and Value Management to establish and control a project budget. Accurately determining the construction cost at project inception is the key to setting an achievable budget and assessing project feasibility. This is available for any proposed development including subdivision, construction, refurbishment or maintenance concept. Construction Phase During construction phase, Quantity Surveyors are called on to fairly value Progress Payments at regular intervals. They will also value changes to design or quantities which may arise by reference to appropriate Bill of Quantities rates. The contractors Quantity Surveyor/contract administrator will have prepared claims for progress payments and additional work. Mobilisation Mobilisation is the award of the building contract to the successful firm and the formal appointment of the contractor. During mobilisation, Quantity Surveyors provide production information as requested for the building contract and for construction of the shop lots. Construction to Practical Completion Construction to Practical Completion is the stage when the contractor commences the work on the shop lots. Throughout this stage, formal written instruction order are given to the contractor for changes in the design and valuation of the partially completed works are prepared and agreed for the purpose of interim payment certificates. Quantity Surveyors will make visits to the works in connection with the Architects design and provide further information reasonable required for construction. Upon completion, the formal signing over the project to the responsibilities of the client is made. Assessment, preparation and negotiation of the final account statement with the contractor, completes the projects construction financial status. When construction is completed, Quantity Surveyors can produce depreciation schedules of the various project components and advise on realistic insurance replacement costs. In the case of construction disputes the Quantity Surveyors are often called on as an expert witness, and some quantity surveyors act as arbitrators. Both the contractors and owners quantity surveyors will be involved in this. Finally, on completion the contractors hand over the building to the developer. Usually a defects liability period is written into the contract, and the contractor remains liable for repairs for a specified period. Finally, all outstanding payments will be settled and the building will be, hopefully, put into its intended use. Occupation Phase After Practical Completion After Practical Completion is one of the stages during occupation phase. One of the main tasks of Quantity Surveyors is to ensure that the project can be completed to the specified quality, the calculated costs and within the appreciate time scale. Besides that, they have to identify defects, make final inspections and also settle Final Account. Demolition Phase Demolition phase is the final stage in a projects life cycle. It may also a possible new beginning of the life cycle on the same site. In addition to new projects, Quantity Surveyor s also uses their skills in refurbishment of old buildings, alterations to existing buildings and insurance replacement estimates. In public authorities Quantity Surveyors maintain cost statistics on a state or nation-wide basis, and there are opportunities for academic careers in the building disciplines. Design Phase When this shop lots project approaches design phase, Quantity Surveyors involve themselves a lot in this phase. Outline proposals, detailed proposals, final proposals, production information, tender documentation and tender action are the stages in design phase. Outline Proposals As this stage progresses towards finalized plan, comparison and preparation of several alternative schemes are done in order to determine the general approach to the layout, design, and construction. Quantity Surveyors have to closely collaborate with all the members of the design team and the clients. An approximation of construction cost on shop lots is provided by Quantity Surveyors. Therefore, the Quantity Surveyors must maintain close contact with contractor as well as other professionals such as Architects and Engineers in order to determine the cost suggestion of the alternative proposals as they are prepared. Detailed Proposals At this stage, the shop lots design is getting more settled with more details which are contributed by all members of design teams. This detailed proposal is derived from the outline proposal. The specification, method of construction, and the preparation of a cost plan are critically examined. The cost plan prepared by the Quantity Surveyors shows the proposed distribution of costs over the elements or components of the shop lots. All the relevant design information such as ground floor plan, roof floor plan and ground beam details of the shop lots is collected. A detailed report regarding the design and the cost plan can be submitted to the clients before the detailed proposal is developed. The cost estimation, including both initial and future cost, of the shop lots is provided by the Quantity Surveyors. Final Proposals The detailed design of shop lots is finalized at this stage in order to move to the end of a set of final tender documentation. A variety of ideas from the members of design teams contribute greatly to final outcome. A fully estimation of cost on shop lots is prepared by Quantity Surveyors to provide clients with a possible tender price and cost checks for specific items in order to confirm that the cost required for the items is not over budget. Providing accurate cost estimation is crucial in this stage because there might have any changes in the design which will result in abortive work. Production Information Production information is prepared for tender purposes. The preparation of final drawings, schedules, and supporting specifications on the shop lots will be now preceded by the architects, engineers, and quantity surveyors. Preliminary tendering procedures is determined by Quantity Surveyors during this stage in order to prepare a list of potential main contractors, enquiries to sub-contractors and suppliers, invitation to tender, and information to tender documents. Tender Documentation At this stage, Quantity Surveyors play an important role to ensure that the project is carried out smoothly. The tender documents such as condition of contracts, specification, drawings and Bills of Quantities (BQ) are going to be finalized. These tender documents are provided by Quantity Surveyors to contractors, clients, and sub contractors for tender purpose. Quantity Surveyors prepare and collect the tender documents in adequate details to enable tenders to be attained. The role of Quantity Surveyors in this shop lots project is to ensure all the drawings, schedules, and specification particulars are correct. The BQ are designed principally as tendering documents, yet a valuable aid is also provided to the pricing of variations and computation of valuations for interim certificates. Besides, BQ which is prepared by Quantity Surveyors provides a good basic for cost planning and help in identification of work to ensure the cash flow in a correct way. The Quantity Surveyors also hav e to prepare the Prime Cost Sums and Provisional Sums of the shop lots. If there has an argument between clients and contractors regarding their interest on the shop lots, the Quantity Surveyors appear to solve this kind of conflicts. Tender Action The main purpose of the tender action is to choose the appropriate contractor to carry out construction work diligently. Various methods, which the client and his adviser may use to obtain offers, are covered in tendering procedures. The tendering procedures are divided into two parts which are open and selected tendering. In open tendering procedure, any firm that may be interested in this shop lots construction project is being invited through the press advertisement to submit a tender. On the other hand, the selected qualified contractor is contacted based on the financial background and other features in the selected tendering procedure. The Quantity Surveyors will ask the opinion of the selected contractor. Quantity Surveyors will also recommend the most suitable contractor to the client. The contractors who have more experiences in shop lots construction project are the first choice to be selected. This stage typically is approached about one month before the tender documents a re circulated. Conclusion The existence of Quantity Surveyors are getting more and more important in the construction field such as building construction , heavy construction or civil construction and industrial construction. Basically, Quantity Surveyor is the person who is responsible for figuring out just what a building is going to be cost and in some cases for making sure that the construction costs and production are managed as efficiently as possible such as the shop lots that in mentioned in Question 1. Shop lots are one of the examples of the commercial development. In order to build shop lots, millions of dollars which is depend on the client need is needed. Quantity Surveyors should be aware that the materials price of some important materials such as cement, iron, ready mix and others will always changes. Besides acts as the financial overseer of a particular project, Quantity Surveyors translate the plans into detailed costs. Quantity Surveyors also help to minimize the time scales, the costs of a project and enhance value for money, while still achieving the required standards and quality. Through negotiation, successful Quantity Surveyors can save large amounts of money for the companies th ey work for. In the current economic climate, where the construction industry is booming and construction companies are under increasing pressure to meet the needs of developers, and given the shortage of personnel, it is no surprise that Quantity Surveyors have expanded their role in this way. However, this practice must be monitored closely to prevent the integrity of the profession ever being called into question. Besides, Quantity Surveyors also must be flexible to any kind of work conditions such as site and office. For example, Quantity Surveyors are not only required to help the client in calculating the costs for a projects such as shop lots, they still need to go to site to ensure that the job had be done by the contractor according to the agreement that had be done before passing the project to the contractor. This can avoid contractual disputes to happen. In construction and development projects where the watch word is VALUE FOR MONEY , the Quantity Surveyors must be involved from the inception phase to . Last but not least, it is a truth that Quantity Surveyors professional skills are highly respected and often achieved top managerial status.

Events that lead to the Civil War :: American History

Events that lead to the Civil War The secession of the southern states was a long simmering conflict. The secession of the southern could have been avoided by both the North and the South could have come up with a compromise. The secession of the southern states inevitable because the South knew that the North wanted to end slavery and the South wanted slavery because it was their way of life. To have slaves was their way of life style, both the North and the South couldn?t have come up with a compromise and agree with it. The three most important events that lead to the secession of the southern states and the civil war were the Wilmot proviso, California state hood, Fugitive slave law, and Uncle Tom?s cabin. Wilmot?s proviso it proposed western territories are closed to slavery. The Wilmot proviso it was created by David Wilmot in 1846. Wilmot proviso it supported the containment and destruction of slavery. The north feared that the south would become too powerful in congress. The south opposed Wilmot proviso because they need slavery to survive economically. The south feared that the north would take over the south. The California state hood was when California became part of the union. The union said the only way they can be part of the union is if they enforced the fugitive slave law. The fugitive slave law was passed by congress into making people turn in fugitive slaves. The law it effected the North and the South in some ways. It effected the North into creating the Underground Railroad and violence to free the slaves. These laws made the north pass the personal liberty laws. These laws effected the south by making slave owners threatened to secede/withdraw for the union. Uncle Tom?s Cabin it was a book that was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe on June 5, 1852. The book was criticized by the south the characters were being stereotyped and the plot was melodramatic. The north?s reaction to the book was they increased their protests against slavery and the fugitive slave law. The south?s reaction was they criticized the book as an attack on the south. The south didn?t like the book because they thought that it was an attack on them and slavery. These are some of the events that lead to the Civil war and the secession of the southern states.

Heath and safety Essay

A hazard is something that is a physically there e.g. A box in the middle of the floor. The risk of that is that someone may trip and fall. 3.1. Identify non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work setting Some non-medical emergencies that may occur are, a young person going missing, if keys were lost, especially the keys with the key that has access to the medication lock up, a fire, if someone were to break in. 4.1. Identify the signs and symptoms which may indicate that a child or young person is injured or unwell If they are quieter than usual, changes in behaviour, physical injuries, if they look flushed or pale, vomiting or diarrhoea, l4.2. Identify circumstances when children or young people may need urgent medical attention If they already have a medical condition eg. Epilepsy, and they have seizures that they haven’t had before or haven’t had one in a long time or they last longer than what there normal is. Head injuries due to accidents or seizures Suspected broken bones. 4.3. Outline own role and responsibilities in the event of a child or young person requiring urgent medical attention If I was on shift and a young person needed urgent medical attention I would firstly alert whoever is shift leading that day but stay with the young person seeing to there medical needs I would then phone an ambulance and await instruction from my shift leader who would be either seeing to the young person or on the phone to the ambulance and I would be doing the other. If I was shift leading I would have to tale control of the situation and direct my staff team to what they need to do, there is usually 4 staff members on as the shift leader I would be on the phone to an ambulance I would direct another first aid trained staff member to stay with the young person and get the other 2 to take the other young people away from the situation. 6.1. Outline procedures for infection control in own work setting Make sure while doing personal care gloves and aprons are worn, also that anything with the young people’s bodily fluids are disposed of correctly in the correct bin. Any bodily fluids are clean up correctly e.g. Vomit. After a young person has finished there stay at the dragons retreat the bedroom must be deep cleaned before any one else can stay. 7.2. Explain how the procedures of the work setting protect both children and young people and practitioners They protect both young people and practitioners by ensuring that people working with the young people are all following the correct procedures which are in place to ensure the safety and well being of the young people.

Depuis vs Il y a

Depuis vs Il y a The French temporal expressions depuis and il y a have distinctly different meanings and uses, yet they often present difficulties for French students. Here is a detailed explanation and comparison of depuis and il y a to help you clearly understand the difference once and for all. Depuis Depuis, meaning for or since, can be used in the present or past in order to express an action that began in the past and continued to the temporal reference point used in the sentence: either the present or some point in the past. Depuis is thus used for actions that were incomplete at the referenced time, and can refer to two different kinds of time: 1) When followed by a period of time, depuis indicates the duration of an action and is equivalent to have been -ing (perfect progressive) for*   Ã‚  Ã‚  Nous attendons depuis une heure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weve been waiting for an hour.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il parle depuis 5 minutes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hes been speaking for 5 minutes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il travaillait depuis 10 jours quand je lai vu.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hed been working for 10 days when I saw him.2) When followed by an event or point in time, depuis indicates the start time of an action and is translated in English by have -en/-ed (perfect tense) since/for  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis malade depuis mon arrivà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been sick since I got here.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il à ©tait fà ¢chà © depuis lannonce, mais maintenant...  Ã‚  Ã‚  He had been angry since the announcement, but now...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Depuis hier, je suis dà ©primà ©e.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been depressed since yesterday.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il ne fume pas depuis un an.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He hasnt smoked for a year. Il y a Il y a means ago and can only be used for things that are already completed. The verb in the sentence must be in the past and il y a must be followed by some reference to time.**  Ã‚  Ã‚  Je suis arrivà ©e il y a une heure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I arrived an hour ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a parlà © il y a 5 minutes.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He spoke 5 minutes ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il a travaillà © il y a 10 jours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He worked 10 days ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jà ©tais malade il y a une semaine.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I was sick a week ago.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a deux jours, jai vu un chat noir.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two days ago, I saw a black cat.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jai dà ©mà ©nagà © ici il y a longtemps.  Ã‚  Ã‚  I moved here a long time ago.*Il y a ... que, à §a fait ... que , and voil ... que are informal equivalents for the first use of depuis  - they mean have been doing for a certain amount of time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Il y a cinq ans que jhabite ici.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been living here for five years.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ãƒâ€¡a fait deux heures que nous a ttendons.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weve been waiting for two hours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Voil six mois que je travaille avec Marc.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been working with Marc for six months.**Voil can also replace il y a, informally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Il est parti voil deux heures.  Ã‚  Ã‚  He left two hours ago. Summary Ago Have -ed for/since Have been -ing for Depuis vs. Il y a il y a depuis depuis Informal synonyms voil il y a que, a fait que, voil que French verb tense past present or past present Reference to time period of time point in time period of time Type of action completed continuing continuing

Understanding PTSD Flashbacks

Understanding PTSD Flashbacks A flashback is an intrusive, unintentional, vivid memory of a traumatic event. Flashbacks are one symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Defining PTSD Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in the aftermath of a traumatic event, including military conflict,  assault, interpersonal violence, a car accident, or a natural disaster.  PTSD can also occur among first responders,  as well as  people whose loved one experienced a traumatic event. To be diagnosed with PTSD, an individual must experience symptoms in the following four categories  for at least a month after the trauma: Re-experiencing the event. People suffering from  PTSD often re-experience the event in unwanted, unintentional ways, including flashbacks and nightmares.  Avoidance of the event. Someone who is experiencing PTSD will often  try to avoid reminders of the event.Negative thoughts or emotions. The person may experience negative emotions (or a lack of positive emotions), feel self-blame, or lose interest in activities they previously enjoyed.Hypervigilance.  PTSD patients typically feel as thought they are constantly on â€Å"high alert.† They may have trouble sleeping, be irritable, or become easily startled, for example. While many people may develop some of these symptoms immediately after a traumatic event, not everyone who experiences a trauma develops PTSD. What a PTSD Flashback Feels Like Flashbacks can  be incredibly  vivid  and involve  re-experiencing the sights, sounds, and smells that were present during the traumatic event. Some people become flooded with the emotions that they felt at the time of the trauma.  Flashbacks can be so overwhelming and immersive that the person experiencing the flashback may temporarily feel that they have physically returned to the moment of the traumatic event. In some cases, a person experiencing a flashback may behave as though they were back in the traumatic event. Flashbacks can occur as a result of a  trigger- that is, when they notice something in the environment that reminds them of  the traumatic event. However, people can also experience a flashback without being aware of a particular trigger that caused it. Flashbacks vs. Memories Flashbacks occur when individuals involuntarily re-experience a memory of a  traumatic event. Importantly, the psychological definition of a flashback  differs from the common colloquial use of the term. A flashback is  not  simply a â€Å"bad memory. Rather, it is an experience in which an individual actually feels as if they  are re-living parts of the traumatic event. Flashbacks in PTSD are different from intentional memories because they occur without the person trying to do anything to bring back the memory. In fact, psychologist Matthew Whalley and his colleagues have found that patterns of brain activation are different when people are exposed to words that they associate with flashbacks, compared to words that they associate with non-flashback memories. Studies on PTSD Flashbacks   Psychologists have investigated whether it is possible to prevent the development of flashbacks after a traumatic event. Researcher Emily Holmes and her colleagues have suggested that, since flashbacks are often powerful visual images, it may be possible to reduce the severity by distracting the visual system. To test this idea out, Holmes and her colleagues conducted an experiment in which participants watched a potentially traumatizing video.  Afterwards, some participants played Tetris, and others did not. The researchers found that participants who played Tetris only had about half as many flashbacks as the participants who didn’t. In other words, it appears that a neutral activity such as Tetris kept the visual systems in the participants brains occupied, making flashback images less likely to occur. In another paper  by Dr. Holmes’  team, researchers asked emergency room patients who had experienced a traumatic event to participate in a similar study. Some participants played Tetris while others did not, and the researchers found that participants who played Tetris had fewer intrusive memories of their traumatic event over the next week. More broadly, researchers have found that psychotherapy and medication can reduce the severity of PTSD symptoms, including flashbacks. One type of therapy,  Prolonged Exposure,  involves discussing the traumatic event in a safe, therapeutic setting. Another therapeutic technique,  Cognitive Processing Therapy, involves working with a therapist to change ones beliefs about the traumatic event. Researchers have found that both types of therapy are able to lessen the severity of PTSD symptoms. PTSD Flashbacks Key Takeaways Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health condition that can occur in the aftermath of a traumatic event.Flashbacks are a PTSD symptom that involve re-experiencing memories of the traumatic event.PTSD flashbacks can be extremely  vivid and may make  individuals feel as though they are re-living the traumatic event.  Several treatments are currently available for PTSD, and new research is investigating whether PTSD flashbacks can be prevented. Sources Brewin, Chris R. â€Å"Re-experiencing Traumatic Events in PTSD: New Avenues in Research on Intrusive Memories and Flashbacks.†Ã‚  European Journal of Psychotraumatology  6.1 (2015): 27180. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27180Friedman, Matthew J. â€Å"PTSD History and Overview.† U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: National Center for PTSD (2016, Feb. 23). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/ptsd-overview.aspHammond, Claudia. â€Å"PTSD: Do Most People Get It After Terrifying Incidents?† BBC Future (2014, Dec. 1). bbc.com/future/story/20141201-the-myths-about-ptsdHolmes, Emily A., James, E.L., Coode-Bate, T., Deeprose, C. â€Å"Can Playing the Computer Game ‘Tetris’ Reduce the Build-up of Flashbacks for Trauma? A Proposal from Cognitive Science.†Ã‚  PloS One  4.1 (2009): e4153. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id10.1371/journal.pone.0004153Iyadurai, Lalitha, et al. Preventing Intrusive Memorie s After Trauma Via a Brief Intervention Involving Tetris Computer Game Play in the Emergency Department: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Controlled Trial. Molecular Psychiatry 23  (2018): 674-682. https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201723 Norman, Sonya, Hamblen, J., Schnurr, P.P., Eftekhari, A. â€Å"Overview of Psychotherapy for PTSD.† U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: National Center for PTSD (2018, Mar. 2). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/treatment/overview/overview-treatment-research.aspâ€Å"PTSD and DSM-5.† U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: National Center for PTSD (2018, Feb. 22). https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/PTSD-overview/dsm5_criteria_ptsd.aspWhalley, M. G., Kroes, M. C., Huntley, Z., Rugg, M. D., Davis, S. W., Brewin, C. R. (2013). An fMRI Investigation of Posttraumatic Flashbacks.  Brain and Cognition,  81(1), 151-159. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3549493/â€Å"What Is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?† American Psychiatric Association (2017, Jan.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd

Critical Analysis of Lisbon Treaty Literature review

Critical Analysis of Lisbon Treaty - Literature review Example The Lisbon Treaty came out as the amendment of the existing EU treaties to address concerns of the group of countries and people, who had earlier rejected the constitution treaty, for the option of the retaining their national sovereignty. It was signed on 13 December 2007, by the EU leaders in Lisbon after thorough work out at intergovernmental conference, previously held in July the same year (Archick and Mix, 2010, p. 3). Lisbon treaty worked towards clarifying the responsibilities and the way forward for the EU, and clearly informing the society of its main objective as an institution. Most of the proposed plans intended to be approved in the constitution treaty were reflected in the Lisbon treaty. According to Archick and Mix, â€Å"analysts assessed that over 90% of the substance of the constitutional treaty had been preserved in the Lisbon Treaty† (2010, p. 3). In the treaty, issues of EU legal personality, which extend to emphasize the concept of individuals from EU me mber states to be EU citizen, are addressed as stated in article 8 of provisions on democratic principles in Lisbon treaty. It also paved way for changes in voting system to embrace Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) in effective decision making. Two extra posts exist created in the treaty for the permanent president of the European council and foreign policy post. The structural change in the EU commission altered the decision process of the EU council, giving new power to the European parliament, extending ECJ powers into home affairs and in return, affecting areas in judicial, human rights, and foreign policies (civitas.org.uk, 2011). The Lisbon treaty could have been effective much earlier, but some EU member states delayed the ratification of the treaty till 2009, when all the member states gave their approval. Democratic Deficit The European Union institutional structure has been accused of lacking proper procedure in decision making, which affects all member states once an issue is approved or rejected. Some countries and regions have no influence in the decisions made, which only end up being under the control of powerful states. The Lisbon treaty has been termed as one strategy in an attempt to cure democratic deficit in the European Union. However, even if the treaty has been ratified, some countries have done so in conditions that for some areas of application, they have an option to rely on their individual consent as a nation. According to Klenanc, democratic deficit occurs when the competence shifts from a national level to a supranational level, preventing smooth integration of the EU (2011, p. 14). The council of European Union and European commission, European parliament, European Central Bank, and European court of justice has been exercising specific powers, enough to block one group from being considered in reaching at a crucial decision. As a result, the institutions can be termed to lack accountability, and for some, the legitimacy as indivi dual member states. European Parliament before the Lisbon Treaty The European parliament has always been on evolution, seeking to strengthen its powers in several legislative areas. As many perceived it, it only began as a deliberative organ with few national members as delegates, but later recognized as the only European organ with

Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Latin America - Essay Example In addition, thousands of people moved in to work on the projects, an aspect which further led to degraded environment and global warming. The subdivision of land led to reduced food, turning small holder’s farmers into peasants ( Hobbs, 2008). Mining areas degraded farming lands and destroyed the natural environment for micro-organisms. These developments were both for worse and better of the region. For worse, the natural environment had been destroyed and better, it lead to production of minerals which spurred economic growth. Initially, the entire Latin America was under colonial government which also had many interests in the region. It had an America based United Fruit company which functioned as a unifying factor in the region. The Company owned large tracts of land which covered or spilled in nearly all countries in Latin America. This means that Latin America during colonial time was actually treated like one region geographically ( Hobbs, 2008). As such, the company and thus, the United States had a lot of influence on the regional politics. However, local leaders started changing laws governing land. For instance, the president of Guatemala, Arbenz developed land reform laws that were actually seen as a threat to the existence or interests of the American Based Fruit company. The president did not stay for long; he was ousted in 1954 by a group supported by CIA. This aspect disorganized the politics of the region. In fact, some of the countries in the region have not been so stable in terms of leadership. They also play second fiddle to the US when it comes to international trade treaties. What is more, its institutions have lacked behind of because of the unstable leadership. For instance, Mexico only started maximizing its petroleum potential in 2003, despite having discovered the mineral in 1960 ( Hobbs, 2008). Personally, I think the challenges faced by the region were instigated or triggered by the colonial government. For instance, most of