What Is Oxidation Definition and Example

Two key types of chemical reactions are oxidation and reduction. Oxidation doesnt necessarily have anything to do with oxygen. Heres what it means and how it relates to reduction. Key Takeaways: Oxidation in Chemistry Oxidation occurs when an atom, molecule, or ion loses one or more electrons in a chemical reaction.When oxidation occurs, the oxidation state of the chemical species increases.Oxidation doesnt necessarily involve oxygen! Originally, the term was used when oxygen caused electron loss in a reaction. The modern definition is more general. Oxidation Definition Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases. An example of a reaction is that between hydrogen and fluorine gas to form hydrofluoric acid: H2 F2 → 2 HF In this reaction, hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced. The reaction may be better understood if it is written in terms of two half-reactions. H2 → 2 H 2 e- F2 2 e- → 2 F- Note there is no oxygen anywhere in this reaction! Historical Definition of Oxidation Involving Oxygen An older meaning of oxidation was when oxygen was added to a compound. This was because oxygen gas (O2) was the first known oxidizing agent. While the addition of oxygen to a compound typically meets the criteria of electron loss and an increase in the oxidation state, the definition of oxidation was expanded to include other types of chemical reactions. A classic example of the old definition of oxidation is when iron combines with oxygen to form iron oxide or rust. The iron is said to have oxidized into rust. The chemical reaction is: 2 Fe O2 → Fe2O3 The iron metal is oxidized to form the iron oxide known as rust. Electrochemical reactions are great examples of oxidation reactions. When a copper wire is placed into a solution that contains silver ions, electrons are transferred from the copper metal to the silver ions. The copper metal is oxidized. Silver metal whiskers grow onto the copper wire, while copper ions are released into the solution. Cu(s) 2 Ag(aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  Cu2(aq) 2 Ag(s) Another example of oxidation where an element combines with oxygen is the reaction between magnesium metal and oxygen to form magnesium oxide. Many metals oxidize, so its useful to recognize the form of the equation: 2 Mg (s) O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s) Oxidation and Reduction Occur Together (Redox Reactions) Once the electron was discovered and chemical reactions could be explained, scientists realized oxidation and reduction occur together, with one species losing electrons (oxidized) and another gaining electrons (reduced). A type of chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occurs is called a redox reaction, which stands for reduction-oxidation. The oxidation of a metal by oxygen gas could then be explained as the metal atom losing electrons to form the cation (being oxidized) with the oxygen molecule gaining electrons to form oxygen anions. In the case of magnesium, for example, the reaction could be rewritten as: 2 Mg O2 → 2 [Mg2][O2-] comprised of the following half-reactions: Mg → Mg2 2 e- O2 4 e- → 2 O2- Historical Definition of Oxidation Involving Hydrogen Oxidation in which oxygen is involved is still oxidation according to the modern definition of the term. However, there is another old definition involving hydrogen which may be encountered in organic chemistry texts. This definition is the opposite of the oxygen definition, so it may cause confusion. Still, its good to be aware. According to this definition, oxidation is the loss of hydrogen, while reduction is the gain of hydrogen. For example, according to this definition, when ethanol is oxidized into ethanal: CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO Ethanol is considered oxidized because it loses hydrogen. Reversing the equation, ethanal can be reduced by adding hydrogen to it to form ethanol. Using OIL RIG to Remember Oxidation and Reduction So, remember the modern definition of oxidation and reduction concern electrons (not oxygen or hydrogen). One way to remember which species is oxidized and which is reduced is to use OIL RIG. OIL RIG stands for Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain. Sources Haustein, Catherine Hinga (2014). K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner (eds.). Oxidation–Reduction Reaction. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.Hudlickà ½, MiloÃ… ¡ (1990). Oxidations in Organic Chemistry. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8412-1780-5.

Personal Statement My Partner Essay - 1647 Words

My partner and I we used our hands to make this experience more enjoyable. But I am certain that no contact would have made this activity very challenging. I seek comfort and trust just by that hold of hand. I used it to guide my speed and the width of my steps that I making. As the blinded and the guided I felt the power of the holding. It created a connection between us to navigate on the campus. When I was blinded, I was using her strengths of pulling and pushing to know how far or how sharp I should turn and move. At some point, we experimented of letting go the hand and use our voices to navigate. It was really more difficult because not only I lost my spatial direction but also I had nothing to grab to and I am a person that use prominently my sense of touch. I love to feel and experience objects and people with my gestures. When I greet a close friend I always welcome them with a big firm hug rather than a handshake or the kisses on the cheek. I feel by hugging it gets a more deepening connection that no other greeting cues can give. It shows affection and care for the person but everyone’s perception is different about hugs because it can be an expression language of more than friends feeling and some will take it too seriously if not too personal. Only a handful of people in my life have mutual hugging greets but the newly friends soon discover that I love giving hugs because it does not take too long for them to know my affectionate side. The voice was anotherShow MoreRelatedEssay on Personal Development Plan: Improving My Relationship1053 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout my whole life I have witnessed how relationships should go, and my parents have always been my primary learning source of communication. It was modeled for me in a healthy way, but also in a negative way sometimes. I catch myself struggling with my reacting behaviors to negative events, and ways of speaking. 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Acknowledgement †Document Free Essays

string(54) " topic are affective domain and interpersonal domain\." ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With the name of Allah the most gracious and the most graceful, Alhamdulillah, all praise and thanks to almighty Allah S. W. T. We will write a custom essay sample on Acknowledgement – Document or any similar topic only for you Order Now for His kindness and blessing to give us strength to accomplish this task on time. The notable whom we wish to acknowledge is my lecturer of IMD 206, Mr. Ahmad Sufi Alawi Bin Idris for the guidance, knowledge, and great encouragement. We have deeply indebted his in accomplishing this assignment. Our special appreciation are dedicated to all lectures and beloved families especially our parents for believing us. Their understanding, encouragement and continuous support throughout the duration of article review are most appreciated. Lastly, thanks to all our friends for their support and helping me directly or indirectly to complete this assignment. We have obtained many definition about this terms and keywords and hopefully, I can fully understand all this definition of this words. Alhamdulillah. INTRODUCTION Background of the project We have decided to choose the topic â€Å"Benefit of Candy† to be our main title for this assignment. We choose this topic because it simple and easy to understand. Moreover, this topic is very popular no matter in which level they are. Furthermore, this project will inform the people about candy that could benefit all the people who are eating it. In addition, this topic is very interesting in the discussing with people. We want to inform that there are so many benefits we gather from eating candy. Target audience For our project, our target audience is public but we focus on people between 6 years old until 18 years old because on that level of ages, they are kind of trying new things in their life. The exposure of candy goodness to them easy in order to influence them consumes a candy and they also might be consuming lots and lots of candy daily. We have carried out a survey at several kindergartens and have been proven when the majority of children there love candy. Children mostly like chocolate candy and it is because of its taste and texture. As well it has a lot of benefit for them like improve their health. So candy is the most appropriate food that have to be consume by children in addition of the good effect that important for children to prevent injuries, increase the stamina and performance and also prevent them from depression. Furthermore, candy is one of the most popular foods of the world, so this will attract the attention of the youths on how the candy was made first, and then changes from years to years. The way of candy making is very interesting and it is easy to attract the attention of youth towards candy because teens are easy attracting to something unique and interesting. Goal Our general goals on this learning process is to create the awareness to the audiences about the candy and it benefits. From our methods it will attract audiences and get knowledge about our candy. Objectives The objective that want to be achieve in this instructional media is : * To inform people on how the first candy was made. * To change the people’s negative assumption about candy. * To describe the unique taste of candy to people. * To explain what is the benefit they can get when eating candy. To highlight that the making of candy also have been through the development process. CONTENT We have chosen the topic â€Å"Benefit of Candy†. In this topic, we included the information about the person who introduce candy, the history of the candy, the process of making a candy, and the advantages or benefits they could get if they eat candy. Meanwhile in our presentation, besides showing all of the content above, we also included why is candy so popular among the ki ds and youth today and in this era. History of the candy Before sugar was readily available, candy was made from honey. Honey was used in Ancient China, Middle East, Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create forms of candy. Candy is still served in this form today, though now it is more typically seen as a type of garnish. Candy was originally a form of medicine, either used to calm the digestive system or cool a sore throat. In the Middle Ages candy appeared on the tables of only the most wealthy at first. At that time it began as a combination of spices and sugar that was used as an aid to digestive problems. The process of making a candy Candy is made by dissolving sugar in water or milk to form a syrup, which is boiled until it reaches the desired concentration or starts to caramelize. The type of candy depends on the ingredients and how long the mixture is boiled. Candy comes in a wide variety of textures, from soft and chewy to hard and brittle. Some examples are: caramel candy, toffee, fudge, praline, tablet, gumdrops, jelly beans, rock candy, lollipops, taffy, cotton candy, candy canes, peppermint sticks, peanut brittle, chocolate-coated raisins or peanuts, hard candy and candy bars. The final texture of candy depends on the sugar concentration. As the syrup is heated, it boils, water evaporates, the sugar concentration increases, and the boiling point rises. A given temperature corresponds to a particular sugar concentration. In general, higher temperatures and greater sugar concentrations result in hard, brittle candies, and lower temperatures result in softer candies. The advantages or benefits * People who eat candy live longer A comprehensive study from the Harvard School of Public Health revealed that people who eat candy outlive those who don’t. Modest candy consumption — one to three times a month — is associated with the greatest health benefit, but even those with a daily habit (not overindulgent) also lived longer. DOMAIN There are two domain that we use in our topic. The two domain that we use in our topic are affective domain and interpersonal domain. You read "Acknowledgement – Document" in category "Essay examples" The first domain is affective domain that to make the audiences to feel the taste of candy. The second domain is interpersonal domain that required the audiences to interact among themselves. They will have a discussion about the benefits of the candy toward the audiences. SKILLS REQUIRE The skills require are included verbal and nonverbal communication or interpersonal skill in the presentation, tutorial and performing demonstration. Start with a attractive beginning to interacting positively with the audience. Presentation skills involve proper body language, great eye contact with the audience and proper gesturing that help in getting our view point better. The likely reaction of audience must also be factored in while preparing for the presentation. While conversing with audiences always state the obvious with a smiling face and sound optimistic all the time. Besides that, the way of dressing and make up also play main roles in presenting by wearing a proper and cute dressing and also some funny make up to form a good impression of audience to make them be more attentive and fun to learn. The essential elements of presentation skills consists of visual aids, thorough preparation of content with proper structuring, clarity of purpose and development of content to suit the targeted audience. The skills also require include persuasive and negotiating communication skills to tide over difficult situations that may arise due to factors beyond our control. Inside knowledge, unusual statistics and sense of humor with entertainment capture the audience mind well and prepare them to listen carefully to the subject presented by us. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS This materials are kind of tools or equipment that can help effectively the instructor in theory teaching classroom or in practical assessment. We will use materials such as video, picture, article and much more during our presentation. Video that we use to present contain features related to the audiences that can make them easy to understand about what we want them to know. The selection of material as an aid in providing information regarding the subject matter is based on available material. INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS Methods are the procedure of instruction selected to help audiences achieve the objective or message. 1. Presentation We use this method to inform and persuade our audience about benefits of candy. Its one-way communication method controlled by source, with no immediate response or interaction with the audience. We would create a hypermedia to present our topic. 2. Simulation We use this method to gain attention of our audience and their interest towards the topic that we want to share with them. In a simulation, the audience acts, the simulation reacts. So, the audience can learn from this feedback. For example, we will provide some games and discussion after we had done our presentation. 3. Discovery Method that enable and encourage audience to find â€Å"answer† for themselves. The principle of this method is that audience learn best by doing. As our topic is about candy, we want our audience discover about the benefits of eating candy. 4. Tutorial We use this method to introduce about new material to our audience. For example, we want to provide some videos that will attract kids to eat our candy. LENGTH OF TIME (GANT CHART) ACTIVITY/WEEKS| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| ASSIGN TEAM MEMBER| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHOOSE TOPIC| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PLANNING| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HANDOUT GIVEN AND DO REASEARCH| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PROPOSAL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PREPARE THE METHOD AND MATERIAL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PREPARING THE PRESENTATION REPORT| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MISSION PROJECT| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | COSTS MATERIAL| PRICE (RM)| QUANTITY| TOTAL (RM)| LOLLIPOP| RM 12. 0| 1 PACKET| RM12. 00| MARSHMALLOW| RM 5. 00| 1 PACKET| RM5. 00| COTTON CANDY| RM2. 00| 3 PIECES| RM 6. 00| CLOUD 9| RM0. 40| 30 PIECES | RM12. 00| RM35. 00| IMPLEMENTATION In implementing, its begin with preview the materials first where we will do self-previewing of the macromedia director to make sure it work properly whether the image can be seen or not the video can work properly, each of visual pointer also work and direct user to the actual page. Besides that, by previewing the instructional media, we will understand the content and fully utilize the information. Next, prepare the material that will be used to support the instructional media effectively. The arrangement of the material must be appropriate and not interrupt presenter while presenting the information. We will arrange the tools or devices on the table nicely. Besides that, prepare the environment of the class. Make sure there is no things that will distort the teaching and learning process. The environment must be comfortable for user like adequate sits for each audience, the space of the class is suit with the number of student that participate the learning. Provide a space at the front between audience and presenter for demonstration session and make sure all student are able to see the demonstration clearly. We will start the presentation with a good greetings to make audience think a good perception about the presenter as well as the subject matter. Before go to the main content, we will introduce what is candy actually. Thus, it will result student’s some expectation about what they will learn in this lesson. When go through the lesson and lost student attention, presenter will make some activity or game to attract them back or called up name to test them to redo something that they had been learnt. The next implementation is effective instructional media is require learner participation where instruction should require active mental engagement with the learners. There are some ways that we use to make learner participate the learning process which are we will instruct learner to memorize the step being demonstrate by the presenter available material and go around them to show them a ready finish candy. This is effective ways where the learner will impress and they will remind easily as they know by themselves. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can conclude the material or tools that we used were help us very much. The process of doing this task is smoothly done although have a bit of problem or distraction. We all members of the group want to share something with our audiences about our topic benefits of candy. This also can make all parties gain knowledge about the candy. How to cite Acknowledgement – Document, Essay examples