Essay --

Tesla Gigafactory

Questions: 1.What is the Aim of Tesla Gigafactory? 2.What is the Current SCM Structure of building lithium Ion Batteries? 3.How will Tesla Disrupt the Current Supply Chain Management of Lithium particle Batteries? 4.Do you figure Tesla will Succeed its command? Answers: Presentation: Tesla Motors with its drive of setting up the earth well disposed Gigafactory to create lithium particle batteries has made an extraordinary stride towards creating innovation that will support condition in future. At present, the manufacturing plant is under development at Tahoe Reno Industrial Center, U.S. This development running close to Nevada and the Nevada senator hopes to appreciate a decent measure of income in two many years of its creation (Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla Canada, 2017). Lithium particle battery vehicles are one of that innovative headway that vows to spare the quickly diminishing non-sustainable asset of fuel just as looks encouraging as an elective innovation. Tesla Gigafactory in Nevada began its first creation in 2016 of Powerpacks and Powerwalls in a small amount while inside certain months in 2017 it has effectively started its large scale manufacturing of battery cells. Gigafactory 1 in Nevada has been planned with the point of limiting the expense of crea tion and the use of crude materials through the course of action of vertical combination. Another manufacturing plant of a similar kind Gigafactory 2 is chosen to be built up in Europe helping progressively 1production of eco neighborly vehicle batteries (Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla Canada, 2017). 1.Aim of Tesla Gigafactory Tesla has a few noteworthy and respectable points behind establishing the enormous Gigafactory going through a gigantic measure of cash. The essential goal of Tesla that has quickened the foundation of the first Gigafactory in Nevada is to step forward to change universes car industry by supplanting the fuel with electric. As trusted by Tesla Motors, the creation of lithium particle batteries in the Gigafactory will turn into that wellspring of the supportable elective wellspring of vitality (Tesla Gigafactory | Tesla Canada, 2017). To accomplish this crucial needs to deliver electric vehicles in such extraordinary amount that it can push the difference in the elective wellspring of vitality into this industry. So as to make progress in their crucial will require countless lithium particle batteries; most likely the whole overall creation of present time. The industrial facility, to play out this colossal strategic, still under development and by 2018, Tesla hopes to start its full limit creation. Tesla has held hands with Panasonic and other people who help in creating procedures for the organization with the point of delivering batteries at an impressive lower cost. Tesla additionally expects to accomplish development in the assembling field and wants to lessen squander age during the assembling procedure. The Gigafactory will assist Tesla with locating the whole procedure of assembling under a similar rooftop. Some other of their critical points are to reduce the per kWh hour cost of battery pack by at any rate 30 percent just as to be reinforced by sustainable wellsprings of vitality; the objective is to accomplish unmistakably zero vitality application. Tesla is anxious to complete the development part at the earliest opportunity since they would like to decrease the expense of their by and by accessible batteries significantly w ith the assistance of this mammoth processing plant. It is as yet not clear how this extraordinary streamlining will be conceivable yet it is foreseen that Tesla means to be decked up with a total reusing framework. 2.Current SCM Structure Lithium particle batteries are quickly ascending sought after and at present, the Asia overwhelms the world market in its creation. These batteries are to a great extent utilized in the uses of purchaser gadgets since these have impressive high lifecycle and thickness. The force yield of high limit makes them suitably helpful to be utilized in various particular car applications (Miller, 2014). The creation of lithium particle batteries is thickly packed in Asian nations like Japan, China and Korea because of the wealth of lithium particle battery explicit segment providers accessible here with the goal that these nations together have shaped a bunched gracefully chain especially concentrating on the creation of lithium particle battery. Japan, China and Korea includes practically 79% of the whole car lithium particle battery creation while U.S is consistently progressing to get hold of this requesting market directly covering 17% of the all out creation. In spite of the fact that the Asian group of LIB creation contributes some bit of leeway at local level, the advantage in cost isn't accessible outside this bunch. Lithium is fundamentally mined from two sources: pegmatite found in hard shakes and saline solution found in salt lakes. Presently the significant wellsprings of pegmatite are: Australia Brazil Canada China The central wellsprings of brackish water are: Argentina Bolivia Chile China and S Somewhat, there exists vertical joining of anode materials across Asia and creation of battery cells. This is probably going to help in bringing down the expense of creation for some specific producers. The LIB materials delivering nations of South East Asia are considered as significant providers of battery materials; the significant explanation for this might be the organizations of these nations do have the necessary information on this field just as the stable monetary foundation to be known as solid and dependable providers. The accompanying graph clarifies the image of gracefully chain the executives of LIB: All out Manufacturing Capacity of LIB (MWh) Rate portion of limit (%) Assembling Capacity of Automotive LIB (MWh) Rate Share of Automotive Capacity (%) China 39010 51 11240 41 Japan 11978 16 5750 21 Korea 16059 21 4600 17 U.S 4970 7 4600 17 E.U 1798 2 1300 5 Others 2440 3 0 0 All out 76255 100 27490 100 The diagram unmistakably shows that the U.S doesn't have as solid a flexibly chain as Asian bunch district and notwithstanding that, a large portion of the U.S providers are relatively new and unpracticed and henceforth, are accepted to be less dependable (Automotive Lithium particle battery gracefully chain and U.S Competitiveness, 2017). In reality, the creation cost of Tesla is to rise on the off chance that they need to rely upon the fare administration of Asian providers. While supporting the extension of cutting edge battery producing in U.S the U.S government has given $1.5B. 3.Whether Tesla will upset the Current SCM It has been seen that the lithium particle battery cell flexibly is quickly developing yet the development is focused on Asia. On the off chance that Tesla Gigafactory, situated in U.S needs to rely upon this current gracefully chain structure, it will cost a lot for the organization. Thus, Tesla has intended to surpass the worldwide creation of lithium particle batteries by 2020 upsetting the current structure of its Supply Chain Management (Automotive Lithium particle battery flexibly chain and U.S Competitiveness, 2017). So as to do as such, the organization has marked a conventional exchange with Panasonic extraordinarily to team up with its Gigafactory activity (Everything will be reused., 2017). As indicated by the understanding, Panasonic is qualified for contribute fundamental types of gear for creation of these car batteries, for example, cathode materials, PVDF and SBR Binders, kaleidoscopic tops and jars, strategic arrangements, electrolyte filling and so forth. Then again, Tesla is to contribute all the utilities, land and structures required to set up and run Gigafactory 1 (Nykvist Nilsson, 2015). Tesla is likewise answerable for giving creation types of gear imperative to LIB module and creation of battery packs. With proficient administration of Gigafactory and obtaining the important antecedent compound materials from different associates, Tesla is probably going to develop as universes biggest maker of lithium particle batteries (Barr, 2013). Without a doubt, Tesla Gigafactory gives conspicuous indications to be the biggest and mechanically generally progressed and uncommon battery creating plant outperforming the strength of Asian homesteads. The organization is significantly progressively quick to quicken the development work of Gigafactory on the grounds that the shortage of lithium particle batteries has some place constrained their creation of vehicles (Eisler, 2016). In this manner, evidently Tesla wants to outreach the 2013 worldwide creation of lithium particle batteries by 2020 as referenced before; not just that the organization has professed to deliver an immense number of battery packs enough to fabricate 500,000 LIB controlled vehicles by the objective year. As per Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla Inc. the car organization means to apply one such interesting innovation that would streamline the creation of these batteries just as it can possibly irritated the pervasive structure of Supply Chain Management. Tesla intends to move the rail vehicles loaded with crude materials legitimately from the mines into the manufacturing plant and Musk demands that these vehicles will come out being changed into completed results of lithium particle battery. The manner in which Tesla has solidified its battery pack fabricating process directly from the phase of crude materials; it will be difficult for some other venture to contend with Tesla when it will begin i ts full limit creation (Anderman, 2016). 4.Whether Tesla will succeed its order The development procedure of Gigafactory 1 is as yet far to go in light of the fact that the greater part of the arranged structure is yet to be constructed. Presently, all the cases that Tesla has made for this gigantic industrial facility and its creation capacity are still suppositions and have not been demonstrated in genuine field. Accordingly, it involves banter whether Tesla will accomplish its asserted objective inside 2020 and the appropriate response accurately examines what the components are that can take the organization forward and what can

Topeka

Topeka Topeka t?pe ´k? [key], city (1990 pop. 119,883), state capital and seat of Shawnee co., NE Kans., on the Kansas River; inc. 1857. In a rich agricultural region, it is an important shipping point for cattle and wheat and a wholesaling, marketing, and processing center for farm products. There are insurance businesses, grain mills, meatpacking houses, large railroad repair shops, and plants that make tires and rubber products. A ferry was established there in 1842 on the Oregon Trail . The city was laid out in 1854 by Free State settlers from Lawrence and New England and was founded as the center for C. K. Holliday's projected railroad (the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe). A short-lived Free State constitution was framed in the city in 1855. Topeka was selected state capital when Kansas was admitted to the Union in 1861. The capitol is designed after the one in Washington, D.C. A city of broad, tree-shaded streets, Topeka has the museum and library of the state historical society, th e Mulvane Art Museum, the state library, a notable Episcopal cathedral, a zoo, and a park system that includes the Reinisch Rose Garden. It is the seat of Washburn Univ. During the 20th cent. Topeka was an important city for psychiatric research and therapy; the world famous Menninger Clinic, a treatment center for mental illness, was there from 1919 to 2003. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

What Is Oxidation Definition and Example

Two key types of chemical reactions are oxidation and reduction. Oxidation doesnt necessarily have anything to do with oxygen. Heres what it means and how it relates to reduction. Key Takeaways: Oxidation in Chemistry Oxidation occurs when an atom, molecule, or ion loses one or more electrons in a chemical reaction.When oxidation occurs, the oxidation state of the chemical species increases.Oxidation doesnt necessarily involve oxygen! Originally, the term was used when oxygen caused electron loss in a reaction. The modern definition is more general. Oxidation Definition Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased. The opposite process is called reduction, which occurs when there is a gain of electrons or the oxidation state of an atom, molecule, or ion decreases. An example of a reaction is that between hydrogen and fluorine gas to form hydrofluoric acid: H2 F2 → 2 HF In this reaction, hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced. The reaction may be better understood if it is written in terms of two half-reactions. H2 → 2 H 2 e- F2 2 e- → 2 F- Note there is no oxygen anywhere in this reaction! Historical Definition of Oxidation Involving Oxygen An older meaning of oxidation was when oxygen was added to a compound. This was because oxygen gas (O2) was the first known oxidizing agent. While the addition of oxygen to a compound typically meets the criteria of electron loss and an increase in the oxidation state, the definition of oxidation was expanded to include other types of chemical reactions. A classic example of the old definition of oxidation is when iron combines with oxygen to form iron oxide or rust. The iron is said to have oxidized into rust. The chemical reaction is: 2 Fe O2 → Fe2O3 The iron metal is oxidized to form the iron oxide known as rust. Electrochemical reactions are great examples of oxidation reactions. When a copper wire is placed into a solution that contains silver ions, electrons are transferred from the copper metal to the silver ions. The copper metal is oxidized. Silver metal whiskers grow onto the copper wire, while copper ions are released into the solution. Cu(s) 2 Ag(aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  Cu2(aq) 2 Ag(s) Another example of oxidation where an element combines with oxygen is the reaction between magnesium metal and oxygen to form magnesium oxide. Many metals oxidize, so its useful to recognize the form of the equation: 2 Mg (s) O2 (g) → 2 MgO (s) Oxidation and Reduction Occur Together (Redox Reactions) Once the electron was discovered and chemical reactions could be explained, scientists realized oxidation and reduction occur together, with one species losing electrons (oxidized) and another gaining electrons (reduced). A type of chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction occurs is called a redox reaction, which stands for reduction-oxidation. The oxidation of a metal by oxygen gas could then be explained as the metal atom losing electrons to form the cation (being oxidized) with the oxygen molecule gaining electrons to form oxygen anions. In the case of magnesium, for example, the reaction could be rewritten as: 2 Mg O2 → 2 [Mg2][O2-] comprised of the following half-reactions: Mg → Mg2 2 e- O2 4 e- → 2 O2- Historical Definition of Oxidation Involving Hydrogen Oxidation in which oxygen is involved is still oxidation according to the modern definition of the term. However, there is another old definition involving hydrogen which may be encountered in organic chemistry texts. This definition is the opposite of the oxygen definition, so it may cause confusion. Still, its good to be aware. According to this definition, oxidation is the loss of hydrogen, while reduction is the gain of hydrogen. For example, according to this definition, when ethanol is oxidized into ethanal: CH3CH2OH → CH3CHO Ethanol is considered oxidized because it loses hydrogen. Reversing the equation, ethanal can be reduced by adding hydrogen to it to form ethanol. Using OIL RIG to Remember Oxidation and Reduction So, remember the modern definition of oxidation and reduction concern electrons (not oxygen or hydrogen). One way to remember which species is oxidized and which is reduced is to use OIL RIG. OIL RIG stands for Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain. Sources Haustein, Catherine Hinga (2014). K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner (eds.). Oxidation–Reduction Reaction. The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.Hudlickà ½, MiloÃ… ¡ (1990). Oxidations in Organic Chemistry. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8412-1780-5.

Personal Statement My Partner Essay - 1647 Words

My partner and I we used our hands to make this experience more enjoyable. But I am certain that no contact would have made this activity very challenging. I seek comfort and trust just by that hold of hand. I used it to guide my speed and the width of my steps that I making. As the blinded and the guided I felt the power of the holding. It created a connection between us to navigate on the campus. When I was blinded, I was using her strengths of pulling and pushing to know how far or how sharp I should turn and move. At some point, we experimented of letting go the hand and use our voices to navigate. It was really more difficult because not only I lost my spatial direction but also I had nothing to grab to and I am a person that use prominently my sense of touch. I love to feel and experience objects and people with my gestures. When I greet a close friend I always welcome them with a big firm hug rather than a handshake or the kisses on the cheek. I feel by hugging it gets a more deepening connection that no other greeting cues can give. It shows affection and care for the person but everyone’s perception is different about hugs because it can be an expression language of more than friends feeling and some will take it too seriously if not too personal. Only a handful of people in my life have mutual hugging greets but the newly friends soon discover that I love giving hugs because it does not take too long for them to know my affectionate side. The voice was anotherShow MoreRelatedEssay on Personal Development Plan: Improving My Relationship1053 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout my whole life I have witnessed how relationships should go, and my parents have always been my primary learning source of communication. It was modeled for me in a healthy way, but also in a negative way sometimes. I catch myself struggling with my reacting behaviors to negative events, and ways of speaking. 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In our personal relationships lying can have a detrimental effect; whether we accept it or not lying and deception affects our communication in our personal relationships as well. â€Å"Deception violates

Acknowledgement †Document Free Essays

string(54) " topic are affective domain and interpersonal domain\." ACKNOWLEDGEMENT With the name of Allah the most gracious and the most graceful, Alhamdulillah, all praise and thanks to almighty Allah S. W. T. We will write a custom essay sample on Acknowledgement – Document or any similar topic only for you Order Now for His kindness and blessing to give us strength to accomplish this task on time. The notable whom we wish to acknowledge is my lecturer of IMD 206, Mr. Ahmad Sufi Alawi Bin Idris for the guidance, knowledge, and great encouragement. We have deeply indebted his in accomplishing this assignment. Our special appreciation are dedicated to all lectures and beloved families especially our parents for believing us. Their understanding, encouragement and continuous support throughout the duration of article review are most appreciated. Lastly, thanks to all our friends for their support and helping me directly or indirectly to complete this assignment. We have obtained many definition about this terms and keywords and hopefully, I can fully understand all this definition of this words. Alhamdulillah. INTRODUCTION Background of the project We have decided to choose the topic â€Å"Benefit of Candy† to be our main title for this assignment. We choose this topic because it simple and easy to understand. Moreover, this topic is very popular no matter in which level they are. Furthermore, this project will inform the people about candy that could benefit all the people who are eating it. In addition, this topic is very interesting in the discussing with people. We want to inform that there are so many benefits we gather from eating candy. Target audience For our project, our target audience is public but we focus on people between 6 years old until 18 years old because on that level of ages, they are kind of trying new things in their life. The exposure of candy goodness to them easy in order to influence them consumes a candy and they also might be consuming lots and lots of candy daily. We have carried out a survey at several kindergartens and have been proven when the majority of children there love candy. Children mostly like chocolate candy and it is because of its taste and texture. As well it has a lot of benefit for them like improve their health. So candy is the most appropriate food that have to be consume by children in addition of the good effect that important for children to prevent injuries, increase the stamina and performance and also prevent them from depression. Furthermore, candy is one of the most popular foods of the world, so this will attract the attention of the youths on how the candy was made first, and then changes from years to years. The way of candy making is very interesting and it is easy to attract the attention of youth towards candy because teens are easy attracting to something unique and interesting. Goal Our general goals on this learning process is to create the awareness to the audiences about the candy and it benefits. From our methods it will attract audiences and get knowledge about our candy. Objectives The objective that want to be achieve in this instructional media is : * To inform people on how the first candy was made. * To change the people’s negative assumption about candy. * To describe the unique taste of candy to people. * To explain what is the benefit they can get when eating candy. To highlight that the making of candy also have been through the development process. CONTENT We have chosen the topic â€Å"Benefit of Candy†. In this topic, we included the information about the person who introduce candy, the history of the candy, the process of making a candy, and the advantages or benefits they could get if they eat candy. Meanwhile in our presentation, besides showing all of the content above, we also included why is candy so popular among the ki ds and youth today and in this era. History of the candy Before sugar was readily available, candy was made from honey. Honey was used in Ancient China, Middle East, Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create forms of candy. Candy is still served in this form today, though now it is more typically seen as a type of garnish. Candy was originally a form of medicine, either used to calm the digestive system or cool a sore throat. In the Middle Ages candy appeared on the tables of only the most wealthy at first. At that time it began as a combination of spices and sugar that was used as an aid to digestive problems. The process of making a candy Candy is made by dissolving sugar in water or milk to form a syrup, which is boiled until it reaches the desired concentration or starts to caramelize. The type of candy depends on the ingredients and how long the mixture is boiled. Candy comes in a wide variety of textures, from soft and chewy to hard and brittle. Some examples are: caramel candy, toffee, fudge, praline, tablet, gumdrops, jelly beans, rock candy, lollipops, taffy, cotton candy, candy canes, peppermint sticks, peanut brittle, chocolate-coated raisins or peanuts, hard candy and candy bars. The final texture of candy depends on the sugar concentration. As the syrup is heated, it boils, water evaporates, the sugar concentration increases, and the boiling point rises. A given temperature corresponds to a particular sugar concentration. In general, higher temperatures and greater sugar concentrations result in hard, brittle candies, and lower temperatures result in softer candies. The advantages or benefits * People who eat candy live longer A comprehensive study from the Harvard School of Public Health revealed that people who eat candy outlive those who don’t. Modest candy consumption — one to three times a month — is associated with the greatest health benefit, but even those with a daily habit (not overindulgent) also lived longer. DOMAIN There are two domain that we use in our topic. The two domain that we use in our topic are affective domain and interpersonal domain. You read "Acknowledgement – Document" in category "Essay examples" The first domain is affective domain that to make the audiences to feel the taste of candy. The second domain is interpersonal domain that required the audiences to interact among themselves. They will have a discussion about the benefits of the candy toward the audiences. SKILLS REQUIRE The skills require are included verbal and nonverbal communication or interpersonal skill in the presentation, tutorial and performing demonstration. Start with a attractive beginning to interacting positively with the audience. Presentation skills involve proper body language, great eye contact with the audience and proper gesturing that help in getting our view point better. The likely reaction of audience must also be factored in while preparing for the presentation. While conversing with audiences always state the obvious with a smiling face and sound optimistic all the time. Besides that, the way of dressing and make up also play main roles in presenting by wearing a proper and cute dressing and also some funny make up to form a good impression of audience to make them be more attentive and fun to learn. The essential elements of presentation skills consists of visual aids, thorough preparation of content with proper structuring, clarity of purpose and development of content to suit the targeted audience. The skills also require include persuasive and negotiating communication skills to tide over difficult situations that may arise due to factors beyond our control. Inside knowledge, unusual statistics and sense of humor with entertainment capture the audience mind well and prepare them to listen carefully to the subject presented by us. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS This materials are kind of tools or equipment that can help effectively the instructor in theory teaching classroom or in practical assessment. We will use materials such as video, picture, article and much more during our presentation. Video that we use to present contain features related to the audiences that can make them easy to understand about what we want them to know. The selection of material as an aid in providing information regarding the subject matter is based on available material. INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS Methods are the procedure of instruction selected to help audiences achieve the objective or message. 1. Presentation We use this method to inform and persuade our audience about benefits of candy. Its one-way communication method controlled by source, with no immediate response or interaction with the audience. We would create a hypermedia to present our topic. 2. Simulation We use this method to gain attention of our audience and their interest towards the topic that we want to share with them. In a simulation, the audience acts, the simulation reacts. So, the audience can learn from this feedback. For example, we will provide some games and discussion after we had done our presentation. 3. Discovery Method that enable and encourage audience to find â€Å"answer† for themselves. The principle of this method is that audience learn best by doing. As our topic is about candy, we want our audience discover about the benefits of eating candy. 4. Tutorial We use this method to introduce about new material to our audience. For example, we want to provide some videos that will attract kids to eat our candy. LENGTH OF TIME (GANT CHART) ACTIVITY/WEEKS| 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| ASSIGN TEAM MEMBER| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CHOOSE TOPIC| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PLANNING| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | HANDOUT GIVEN AND DO REASEARCH| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PROPOSAL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PREPARE THE METHOD AND MATERIAL| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | PREPARING THE PRESENTATION REPORT| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MISSION PROJECT| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | COSTS MATERIAL| PRICE (RM)| QUANTITY| TOTAL (RM)| LOLLIPOP| RM 12. 0| 1 PACKET| RM12. 00| MARSHMALLOW| RM 5. 00| 1 PACKET| RM5. 00| COTTON CANDY| RM2. 00| 3 PIECES| RM 6. 00| CLOUD 9| RM0. 40| 30 PIECES | RM12. 00| RM35. 00| IMPLEMENTATION In implementing, its begin with preview the materials first where we will do self-previewing of the macromedia director to make sure it work properly whether the image can be seen or not the video can work properly, each of visual pointer also work and direct user to the actual page. Besides that, by previewing the instructional media, we will understand the content and fully utilize the information. Next, prepare the material that will be used to support the instructional media effectively. The arrangement of the material must be appropriate and not interrupt presenter while presenting the information. We will arrange the tools or devices on the table nicely. Besides that, prepare the environment of the class. Make sure there is no things that will distort the teaching and learning process. The environment must be comfortable for user like adequate sits for each audience, the space of the class is suit with the number of student that participate the learning. Provide a space at the front between audience and presenter for demonstration session and make sure all student are able to see the demonstration clearly. We will start the presentation with a good greetings to make audience think a good perception about the presenter as well as the subject matter. Before go to the main content, we will introduce what is candy actually. Thus, it will result student’s some expectation about what they will learn in this lesson. When go through the lesson and lost student attention, presenter will make some activity or game to attract them back or called up name to test them to redo something that they had been learnt. The next implementation is effective instructional media is require learner participation where instruction should require active mental engagement with the learners. There are some ways that we use to make learner participate the learning process which are we will instruct learner to memorize the step being demonstrate by the presenter available material and go around them to show them a ready finish candy. This is effective ways where the learner will impress and they will remind easily as they know by themselves. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we can conclude the material or tools that we used were help us very much. The process of doing this task is smoothly done although have a bit of problem or distraction. We all members of the group want to share something with our audiences about our topic benefits of candy. This also can make all parties gain knowledge about the candy. How to cite Acknowledgement – Document, Essay examples

The Glass Menagerie By Tennessee Williams Essays -

The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams The play The Glass Menagerie, by Tennessee Williams, Williams uses many symbols which represent many different things. Many of the symbols used in the play try to symbolize some form of escape or difference between reality and illusion. The first symbol, presented in the first scene, is the fire escape. This represents the "bridge" between the illusory world of the Wingfields and the world of reality. This "bridge" seems to be a one way passage. But the direction varies for each character. For Tom, the fire escape is the way out of the world of Amanda and Laura and an entrance into the world of reality. For Laura, the fire escape is a way into her world. A way to escape from reality. Both examples can readily be seen: Tom will stand outside on the fire escape to smoke, showing that he does not like to be inside, to be a part of the illusionary world. Laura, on the other hand, thinks of the fire escape as a way in and not a way out. This can be seen when Amanda sends Laura to go to the store: Laura trips on the fire escape. This also shows that Laura's fears and emotions greatly affect her physical condition, more so than normal people. Another symbol presented deals more with Tom than any of the other characters: Tom's habit of going to the movies shows us his longing to leave the apartment and head out into the world of reality. A place where one can find adventure. And Tom, being a poet, can understand the needs of man to long for adventure and romance. But he is kept from entering reality by Amanda, who criticizes him as being a "selfish dreamer." But, Tom has made steps to escape into reality by transferring the payment of a light bill to pay for his dues in the Merchant Seaman's Union. Another symbol, which deals with both Amanda and Laura, is Jim O'Connor. To Laura, Jim represents the one thing she fears and does not want to face, reality. Jim is a perfect example of "the common man." A person with no real outstanding quality. In fact, Jim is rather awkward, which can be seen when he dances with Laura. To Amanda, Jim represents the days of her youth, when she went frolicking about picking jonquils and supposedly having "seventeen gentlemen callers on one Sunday afternoon." Although Amanda desires to see Laura settled down with a nice young man, it is hard to tell whether she wanted a gentleman caller to be invited for Laura or for herself. One symbol which is rather obvious is Laura's glass menagerie. Her collection of glass represents her own private world. Set apart from reality, a place where she can hide and be safe. The events that happen to Laura's glass affects Laura's emotional state greatly. When Amanda tells Laura to practice typing, Laura instead plays with her glass. When Amanda is heard walking up the fire escape, she quickly hides her collection. She does this to hide her secret world from the others. When Tom leaves to go to the movies in an angered rush, he accidentally breaks some of Laura's glass. The shattered glass represents Laura's understanding of Tom's responsibilities to her. Also, the unicorn, which is important, represents Laura directly. Laura points out to Jim that the unicorn is different, just as she is different. She also points out that the unicorn does not complain of being different, as she does not complain either. And when Jim breaks the horn off the unicorn, Laura points out that now it is like the other horses, just as Laura has shed some of her shyness and become more normal. When she hands the broken unicorn to Jim, this might represent Laura handing over her broken love to Jim, as Jim has revealed that he is engaged to be married. As can be seen, there are quite a few symbols in this play. And a number of them have diverse meanings. Most of these symbols have a direct meaning in the author's own life. This is understandable seeing that the play is supposed to be "memory play." It is obvious that this memory play is based on Williams' own memories.

To Essay or Not to Essay

To Essay or Not to Essay About the sites If you’re one of many who haven’t heard of essay writing sites, at their core they’re content mills for students but with the ethics of desperate writers and lazy students thrown out the window. iWriteEssays.com offers to write high school and college papers, admissions, dissertations and theses. They charge students between $12.50 to $48/page, depending on the student’s deadline and type of piece. On the high end, they claim being able to provide a paper in eight hours at the right price. â€Å"We can write anything from high school to PhD  level.† says Brandon S., a member of the iWriteEssayssupport team. What does this mean for writers? â€Å"Writers receive compensation based on the number of pages they write,† he says, noting that some websites have a set rate and others will pay based on the demand for that particular paper.   A quick search unearths hundreds of these sites. Essaywriters.netpromises writers their best efforts towards â€Å"making your freelance writing jobs easy, efficient (and) highly paid.† Another, EssayShark.com, allows writers to set their own pay for the order. StudyBay.com claims an average rate of $120 offered Posing as a student, I asked Brandon S. if an essay I ordered through an essay site could get thrown out. â€Å"Yes,† he admitted. â€Å"Presenting someone else’s work as your own is a form of plagiarism.† Then I asked: â€Å"Have you ever had trouble?† He replied, â€Å"No. Our services are confidential. There is no way for professors and teachers to tell that the essays are written Good to know they’re aware of this themselves, then . . . An author’s perspective â€Å"One word: Unethical,† says Ruth E. Thaler-Carter, a member of Editors Association of Earth . Sarah Varnam, the owner of a Toronto-based content creation and editing company, agrees. â€Å"Sites that provide restructuring of arguments, or even worse, complete re-writes or essays for money are, indeed, highly unethical. Not only are you putting your professional image at risk, as plagiarism is a serious offense, but the student is defying the purpose of higher education. She’s been contacted For legitimate copyediting jobs for students, author Ryan Dunlop suggests talking to professors and thesis advisers to find out what’s allowed – or not. Has a student really earned their degree if the work isn’t theirs? Before saying yes to writing for an essay-writing site, consider how you would feel if the doctor about to operate on you passed on a thesis written

Most Important Symbols in The Great Gatsby, Analyzed

Most Important Symbols in The Great Gatsby, Analyzed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you ever come across an object or an image in a book that was really over-described? That the author seemed way too over-invested in? Most of the time, that feeling is a hint that what you've encountered is a symbol! The Great Gatsby features many objects and images that pop up exactly like this. But how do you interpret Great Gatsby symbols once you've found them? And how can you find symbols that don't have as much signposting around them? In this article, I'll take you through an explanation of what symbols are, how to locate them, and how to write about them. I'll also point you to in-depth articles about each of the most important symbols in The Great Gatsby. Roadmap to This Article What are symbols and why do authors use them? How do you find symbols in a work of fiction? Tips and advice for writing essays about symbols Links to our detailed, in-depth discussions about the key symbols in The Great Gatsby Quick Note on Our Citations Our citation format in this guide is (chapter.paragraph). We're using this system since there are many editions of Gatsby, so using page numbers would only work for students with our copy of the book. To find a quotation we cite via chapter and paragraph in your book, you can either eyeball it (Paragraph 1-50: beginning of chapter; 50-100: middle of chapter; 100-on: end of chapter), or use the search function if you're using an online or eReader version of the text. What Is a Symbol? Think about your own life. You probably save mementos from travel, or meaningful events, because they represent the experience or your connection a person rather than simply because they are airplane tickets or dried flowers. Just like these mementos are symbols of your feelings, memories, or hopes, so a symbol in a work of literature is something concrete that stands for an abstract idea. In other words, it's when an object, a character, or a place doesn't just represent that type of object, but also evokes a feeling or a concept. This means that symbols have several layers of meaning, most of which are often hidden at first. What you are doing when you interpret a symbol is going above and beyond the object's literal definition to see a deeper, less obvious meaning. Remember, symbols do not always have the same meaning or interpretation, so a particular symbol's significance varies depending on context between different works, or even within the same work. Symbols vs. Motifs A symbol isn't the same thing as a motif. A symbol occurs once or a few times, but a motif runs through the whole work. A symbol tends to be something concrete that represents or stands for an abstract idea or concept, but a motif's meaning typically comes from the different ways and situations in which it recurs. For example, in The Great Gatsby, one important symbol is the green light on Daisy's dock, which is a concrete object that also represents the abstract concepts of yearning and the American Dream. Those same themes are also connected to one of the novel's many motifs- Gatsby's verbal tic of calling everyone "old sport." This phrase isn't a symbol, but its oddness point to the not-quite-successful way Gatsby is trying to act like the social elite. That being said, you could always make the case that a particularly resonant instance of a motif is in itself a symbol of some idea! In literary analysis, to the maker of the best argument go the spoils. Symbols vs. Themes A symbol isn't the same thing as a theme. Symbols are objects that carry a literal and one or several figurative meanings, while themes are central ideas that can usually be summed up in a word or a phrase. Symbols help explain themes, demonstrate varying versions of a theme, or build emotional richness into the way a theme works in the book you're reading. For example, one theme in The Great Gatsby is "morality and ethics." But we can't know what the novel wants us to think about morality or ethics until we notice that the only symbolic representation of a higher moral power in the book is the inanimate billboard of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. This symbol represents a lack of moral oversight in the world of the novel. This crown: a symbol of monarchy? Of imperial oppression? Of unbearable ostentatiousness? Depends on the context. Why Do Authors Use Symbols? At its core, a symbol is a literary device that enhances fiction by building richness and adding color, depth, and realism. Rather than having the author have to explain everything in a heavy-handed way, symbols allow readers to discover connections between characters, bits of plot, and different settings on their own. Authors also use symbolism to tie certain things that may initially seem unimportant to overarching themes, or to connect disparate objects or places to unify a work- all without having to be didactic or moralizing. For example, in The Great Gatsby, the symbol of the valley of ashes connects West and East Egg to the industrial poverty that the rich Long Islanders would rather simply ignore. Finally, symbols create a more active and engaging reading experience for you! Hunting for symbols and interpreting their meaning makes you think, and it also makes you have a much more visceral, emotional reaction to the abstract ideas central to the book. In the case of The Great Gatsby, watching Gatsby reach in vain for the green light makes us feel his yearning much more than if the author had simply written, "Gatsby wanted to reunite with Daisy." How Do You Find Symbols? Mostly likely, your assignment will pick out specific symbols for you to analyze. However, often teachers ask you to find and explore a symbol of your own choosing. So how do you know what's just a thing and what is imbued with a deeper meaning? Symbols Are Everywhere First, you have to realize that almost anything can be a symbol. Place. Often a setting isn't simply a location where events happen. Sometimes it's also a shorthand, evocative way of representing a particular set of people or their ideas. For example, in The Great Gatsby, Myrtle's Manhattan apartment isn't simply a place for her to host parties, but it also stands for her ambition and aspiration to leave her working-class life behind. More globally, it stands for the vulgar approximation of the upper class that the East Egg crowd scorns and mocks. Object. This is probably the most common type of symbol- a thing that carries meaning over and above its inherent thing-ness. In this novel, almost every object described at any length can be seen a symbol. Think, for instance, of the ridiculously expensive pearl necklace Tom gives Daisy before their wedding. He means it to be symbolic of his love for her, but it is also clearly a symbol of the way he uses his wealth to control other people (something he will later do with Myrtle). More globally, it symbolizes the rich using their money to get their way. Action. Sometimes, a character's actions, gestures, ways of speaking, or behaviors are themselves symbolic, representing an idea about that character alone, or about a group of similar people. One of Gatsby's most telling gestures is the outstretched arm pose he does several times in the book (like at the end of Chapter 1 or in the beginning of Chapter 8). One of Gatsby's most defining characteristics is his striving drive to attain Daisy's love and a position in the upper class- basically, a life that's just out of reach. His habitual gesture of reaching for the ungraspable symbolizes this trait. Person. Infrequently, a character can also function as a symbol of a greater idea. This is literary device is hard to pull off, because making a person into a symbol tends to take away at least some of their individuality and personhood. This is exactly what happens in The Great Gatsby, where Daisy is at once herself (lover to Gatsby, cousin to Nick, wife to Tom, mother to Pammy), and also a symbol of the American Dream and its flaws. Is adjusting a cufflink: a symbol of impeccable taste? Prissy fussiness? Anxiety? Depends on who is doing it and why. Universally Meaningful Symbols Some symbols are culturally universal. That means that in almost every place, these objects will have layers of meaning built into them. So feel free to interpret these universally meaningful symbols in any work you come across! Here are some examples: Colors. Most civilizations imbue colors with meaning, although that meaning is by no means always the same either from one culture to another, or even within the same culture. For instance, think about the way we perceive the color red. It can sometimes represent a warning (red means stop), but at other times, it's a symbol of love and passion (red roses mean romance). In our case, The Great Gatsby places lots of significance on the color green, for example, which is associated both with hope and with sickness and death. Celestial Bodies. The moon, the sun, stars- these are all potential symbols. They don't play as prominent a role in The Great Gatsby as they do in some other books, but you can still find a lot of significance in the way the moon tends to illuminate the truth. It's particularly evident in Chapters 8 and 9, when the moon makes Gatsby look like a criminal to Nick after Myrtle's murder, and when Nick imagines East Egg as a creepy El Greco painting or as the lush shore Dutch sailors would have seen. Plants, Nature, Weather Events, or Bodies of Water. If it's naturally-occurring, and if it intersects with the characters in any way, chances are it can be read as a symbol of something. Weather, in particular, plays a key function in this novel, especially when in extreme situations, like when Gatsby and Daisy's reunion is almost ruined by a downpour, or when the tense confrontation in the Plaza Hotel is made even more excruciating by the unrelenting heat. In each case, the weather can be interpreted as a symbol for the characters' emotions. Body Parts. It's not surprising that humans find other humans' bodies to be of particular significance. Whenever a book pays a lot of attention to hands, eyes, lips, or any other part of the body, there are bound to be layers of meaning behind it. In this novel, bodies are very important symbols of how characters are perceived. Whether it's Myrtle's gruesomely graphic corpse which speaks to the many ways her body is mistreated, or Daisy's siren-like voice, which points to the way Gatsby sees her more as a mythically desirable prize than as a real live person, body parts are meaningful. Discrete and Original Symbols Many symbols aren't ones that have universal associations, but are instead more idiosyncratic and book-specific. Here are some tips for how to locate these less obvious Great Gatsby symbols. Lingering Description. Pay close attention to places or objects that are described at length, especially if the novel comes back to them multiple times, or if their description has a key element that slips its boundaries and starts being applied to other things. For example, in The Great Gatsby, the valley of ashes is a strange, dusty, gray place that is never referred to by its real place name (Queens), or some made-up town name (like West Egg and East Egg), but is instead given this Biblically-inflected nickname. Not only that, but the dust and ash that cover everything in this place are also said to coat the people that live there- so much so that even when George leaves his garage, he is still described as "ashen" (8.110). Incongruity. Anything that is either completely out of place in its surroundings, or is creepy, confusing, mysterious, or discomfiting in some way is probably a symbol. For example, the billboard with the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg clearly unnerves everyone who looks at it. And it's totally out of place: it's the only colorful object in the gray valley of ashes, and it's advertising something that is no longer being sold. Character Obsession. Anything that one of the main characters is fixated on is probably a symbol. In our case, Gatsby's unyielding focus on the green light at the end of Daisy's dock clearly marks this as no ordinary shore marker for night sailing. Why is that chair not like the others? What does symbolize by standing out? Tips and Advice for Writing About Symbols Most of your assignments will ask you to analyze a symbol and explore its significance in the novel. So how do you do this well? There are two different types of essay you can build. How to Write an Essay Built Around Close-Readings This kind of essay is a great way to show your engagement with the text. Because you'll stay so close to what is on the page, you'll be protected from making your essay too broad, generalized, and unsupported by evidence. How do you write this kind of essay? When you're planning your essay, look for each instance of the symbol you'll be discussing. One good way to do this is to use an online, searchable version of the text here (like this one or this one), and search for keywords associated with your symbol. Remember to first read the book all the way through to know what you're looking for, and to try several versions of your keyword when searching. When you're writing your essay: First, build out from the instances of the symbol you found. Discuss the symbol's meaning in each context, paying close attention to the author's word choice, sentence structure, and any literary devices like similes or metaphors. How does the symbol stay the same with each appearance? How does it change between appearances? What does this change or lack or change demonstrate? Second, link the symbol to its larger meaning within the novel through these choices the author made about the way the symbol is described. What theme or themes is this symbol is connected to? What does it represent for the characters associated with it? How can you tell? How to Write an Essay Built Around an Argument This type of essay is great if you're making a statement about why a symbol is the way that it is, or why it's being used to represent what it represents. You can use it to show your understanding of the book as a whole. How do you write this kind of essay? First, follow the same planning steps as the close-reading essay above. Then: Make an argument. It's not enough to just describe the symbol and explain its possible meanings. Instead, you have to make sure that you're making some kind of point about why/how the symbol works. How do you know if you're making an argument and not just saying the obvious? If you can imagine someone arguing the opposite of what you're saying, then you've got an argument on your hands. Work from the text out. You'll still need to do a certain amount of close reading to nail this essay, so start small by analyzing chunks of the text where the symbol pops up, and then broadening your points out to the rest of the book. This way, your argument will be strengthened by textual evidence rather than seeming to come out of nowhere Don't overthink it. For example, it's fine to argue that the green light on Daisy's dock stands for delusional optimism- but it definitely doesn't stand for environmental degradation. Watch out for stretching your symbol analysis too far from what the text is telling you. Do these paintbrushes symbolize creativity? Sure. A wealth of resources? Maybe. Industrialist waste? Probably not. Analyzing The Great Gatsby Symbols This novel is very rich, symbol-wise. For in-depth discussion of the most important object symbols, check out our articles on: The green light on Daisy's dock The valley of ashes The eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg Some characters (primarily the women) are often treated as symbols as well. For more on how that works, read our guides to: Daisy Buchanan Myrtle Wilson The Bottom Line A symbol in a work of literature is something concrete that stands for an abstract idea. A symbol isn't the same thing as a motif, since a motif's meaning typically comes from the different ways and situations in which it recurs. A symbol isn't the same thing as a theme, which is a central idea that can usually be summed up in a word or a phrase. Authors use symbols to help explain themes, demonstrate varying versions of a theme, or build emotional richness into the way a theme works in the book you're reading. Almost anything can be a symbol: a place, an object, an action, or even a person. Some symbols are culturally universal, like colors, celestial bodies, plants and nature, or parts of the body. Many symbols are book-specific symbols. You can find them by paying attention to any objects that are described at length, are out of place in its surroundings, are creepy, confusing, mysterious, or discomfiting in some way, or are obsessed over by one or more characters. Most of your assignments will ask you to analyze a symbol and explore its significance in the novel. You can either write an essay built around close-readings, analyzing how the different ways a symbol is described in the novel connects it to a specific theme. Or you can write an essay built around an argument, where you prove a particular interpretation of a symbol in the book. What's Next? Learn how to write about the themes in The Great Gatsby that symbols are usually linked to. Explore the differences between symbols and motifs further in our overview of The Great Gatsby's motifs. Brush up on the context of these symbols with our summary of The Great Gatsby. Get help on other assignments by reading our guides on analyzing or comparing and contrasting characters and learning how to identify personification, imagery, tone words, and rhetorical devices. Need help building your vocabulary to analyze other works of literature? We teach you all the literary devices you must know, the literary elements that appear in every story and first/second/third person POV here. If you're analyzing poetry (or Shakespeare), you'll also want to check out our articles on iambic pentameter and assonance. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Aramco project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aramco project - Essay Example The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest Arabian state in Western Asia covering a land area of approximately 2,150,000 km2. it is the second largest in the Arab world after Algeria. Its neighboring states are Jordan and Iraq to the north, Kuwait to the northeast, Qatar, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates to the east, Oman to the southeast, and Yemen in the south. Currently the Kingdom has a population of 28.7 million people and is a world leader in the production an export of oil. The country’s national petroleum and natural gas production is called Saudi Aramco. The company is Arabian American and is based in Dhahran. Saudi Aramco is among the largest integrated energy production companies around the globe. Aramco was founded in the year1933, by the Standard Oil Company of California. Saudi Aramco’s is a story of the discovery and development of some of the greatest oil reserves ever known in the world and the rapid transformation of Saudi Arabia from a once desert kingdom to the modern nation-state that we know. Saudi Aramcos value as estimated by the New York Times is approximately $10 trillion and this makes it the most valuable firm globally. Saudi Aramco enjoys more than ten percent of the global market in terms oil supply and controls 98% of Saudi’s oil reserves which in turn represent 25% of the total global oil reserves. Considering that the petroleum sector contributes about 40% of Saudi Arabia’s total Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Saudi Aramco is no doubt a cornerstone in the national economy. As such, Aramco is under intense pressure to remain competitive not only in the kingdom but also internationally. It I for this reason that the company requires a very efficient labor force. It has responded to this demand by developing and implementing a training program known as the Professional Development

Public Sector vs. Private Sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public Sector vs. Private Sector - Essay Example As a result, they have a vested interest in seeing salaries rise for all employees. Another essential difference in collective bargaining between private and public sectors is related to location and labor value. Unlike private sector companies, public sector institutions are not capable of threatening to relocate for lower-wage costs (Guyton 213). This is evident in education where in response to union strikes, schools cannot possibly outsource employment overseas, as companies like Nike and have done. However, unions are able to use statistics from surrounding areas to pressure public sector companies to raise wages. Indeed union negotiations are one of the major distinguishing characteristics in private and public sector collective bargaining. Private salary disputes are restricted by the knowledge that customers are able to obtain products elsewhere, whereas in the public realm it is often difficult or impossible for patrons to go to the closet competitor (Boggs 9). Libraries are an example of this situation. The union representatives are often long-term officials who have experience in negotiations, whereas the officials they are dealing with are appointed or elected officials who often only spend short amounts of time in their positions. As a result, negotiations are somewhat slanted in favor of the public union representatives. While labor relations in the United States used to be more highly shifted toward private sector employee union membership, major changes have occurred in the intervening fifty-years. For instance, in 1956 American private sector union membership was 34.7%, more than three times as much as the public sector rate of 11.1%. In 2006, public and private sectors were seen to undergo and drastic change as union membership had shifted from 36.2% in the public sector to 7.4%. for the private sector (Guyton 210). When distinguishing public and private

Career Choice :: essays research papers

Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions a person has to make in their life. It is so important because that is what we will have to do to support ourselves throughout life. Imagine being stuck in a dead end job and having to go to work every morning and dreading it. That is no spending oneÕs time and life is too short to work 35 years and be unhappy with it. If a person likes the job they do then it is not work, because finding satisfaction out of a job can bring great happiness. That information has enabled me to make the decision of choosing my area of study and career in the field of Information Technology. Many things have lead up to my decision to choose a career in Information Systems. It started at my first semester at my local community college. I was enrolled in their graphic design program and most of the classes I was taking consisted of art classes. My first computer class was working in Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop. They are graphic programs that many graphic designerÕs use to make their design work. While working with these programs I was very intrigued by the power of computers and how they work. While going to school at the local community college I soon got a job at CitiMortgage working at the computer help desk. I was learning more about computers and networking which helped lead to my decision to change my degree of study to information systems. Along with my change of interest and working for a company that helps pay for my school I was looking for a better college to attend and that had a program that would fit my needs. I soon became aware of Maryville University and the weekend and evening college program that they offered.

Death and its effects Essay

There is a certain sequence to life. We are born, we die and the part in the middle is called life. Everyone must die and every religion in the world seems to have a belief about what happens after death. We can die at any age be it by accident, illness, disease or old age. Unfortunately accidents and disease are quite common and cause much more distress to loved ones than if someone dies of old age. This is because of the order of death which we expect. Most people believe that Grandparents should die first, followed by Parents then finally Children. However, the world does not always work this way, spawning the phrase ‘a parent should never have to bury their child’. Accidents can strike someone down at anytime as can illness. When this happens it is usually a shock and the grief caused by this can be dependent on the age – if a younger person dies then the shock can be devastating but if someone dies in their ‘twilight years’ then the shock is greatly reduced as the family is half expecting it and they have led a full life. When someone dies, people cope with it in different ways. Some people cry and sob while others will quietly sit and contemplate. In other instances, people will go into denial and refuse to believe that their loved one is gone. This type of denial is aided by the fact that we do not have to deal with death directly, more often than not we will arrange for a funeral director to plan and take care off everything. Many people tell their loved ones how they feel everyday, this allows them to be secure in that their loved one will not die without them knowing they love them. People do not like for someone to die if they have not told them all that they should have or have ended their last conversation in an argument. They begin to have that underlying feeling of guilt and foreboding. To know that someone knows what you are going through is a great help to the bereaved, friends can come over and offer their support and allow the person to explain how they feel. The whole idea of talking to someone is the basis of therapy and can offer some relief through sympathy/empathy. Funerals, after they have been arranged are often held within the week of the person dying. This is to offer some finality to the whole process and to let the relatives to decide whether they want an ‘open coffin’ or ‘closed coffin’ funeral. Funerals vary from one Christian denomination to another but they all have a glimmer of hope in them for the relatives and friends. The hope of eternal life in the presence of God allows the church to help the bereaved deal with their loss by encouraging them to believe that they will be reunited with them after they die. In a funeral, the coffin is carried from its method of transport to the church (this is usually a hearse, but can be a horse-drawn carriage) by the pall-bearers. These are often the male members of the family who were closest to the deceased. I am the Resurrection and the Life. He who believes in Me will live, even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die. (John 11:25-26) The above verses from John 11 are often read. These words are used to comfort the bereaved as they speak of eternal life and love. There are also often hymns, prayers for the person who has died and other Bible readings. The priest will then give a short sermon on the Christian beliefs of life after death. Eulogies are also often read out by a member of the family or a close friend. A eulogy is a short speech about the life of the person who has died. It is traditional to wear black clothing at funerals. This is not required however and some families will request that guests do not dress in this way. A Roman Catholic funeral also includes a ‘Requiem Mass’. For this, the priest will wear white vestments and the coffin will be covered in a white pall. The coffin is sprinkled with Holy Water and the priest says: In the waters of baptism (name) died with Christ, and rose with him to new life. May s/he now share with him in eternal glory. The coffin is then sprinkled again and later perfumed with incense. After the funeral, many Christians put on a meal for guests to thank them for coming. In the case of Roman Catholics and many Irish Christians, a wake will be put on. A wake is a small, lively party to celebrate the persons passing into Heaven and their life. Of course, the person who all this was held for does not realise. The deceased person is not really there and only an empty shell remains. There are several different, but equally important reasons for holding a funeral. A funeral marks the ending of a human life, as baptism marks the beginning. It also allows the families to go through the various stages of grief. A funeral lets them see that the person is gone forever, but gives them comfort and support from faith. A funeral is used by Christians to be reminded of one of Christianity’s main beliefs – there is life after death and that God will give us strength to face up to our sorrow. Graves are also often erected. These graves are permanent markers to the person and can last hundreds of years. It is very interesting to walk around a cemetery and see the impact someone has made on another persons life as some graves have monumental tombstones on them. These come at a huge price and it is amazing to see that someone has paid so much money for something the deceased will never see In Christian terms, there are two places after you die, Heaven and Hell. There is much debate about whether Heaven and Hell are actual places. The Literalists believe it is as the bible clearly mentions it in the New Testament. According to older theories, Heaven is a place where those who are sinless go to be with God and everyone is happy. On the other hand, Hell was meant to be a place of ‘fire and brimstone’ where everyone suffered for their sins. Now here is where the argument comes in. Many people say that Hell cannot exist because it is impossible for such a loving and forgiving God to create a place of suffering. Some Christians also believe that Heaven and Hell are not so much places as states of mind. Heaven is where you are at peace and can be with God and Hell is where you are confined and isolated from the warmth of God’s love. A modern story of the literal differences between Heaven and Hell goes as follows: A man dies and is greeted by St. Peter at the gates of Heaven. The man asks if he can see both Heaven and Hell before he is judged. St. Peter agrees and an angel escorts the man into a room. In the room, there is a long dining table. The man asks where they are and the angel tells him that they are in Hell. He explains that in both Heaven and Hell, you are treated equally and can eat all your favorite foods from the table on one condition: you must eat them with 6 foot long utensils. The man ponders on this for a moment then asks what the difference is between the two. The angel tells him that in Heaven, people are well fed as they feed one another while the people in Hell starve as they only try to feed themselves and fail. In Christian beliefs about resurrection, the idea that the whole body is resurrected, not just the soul is prominent. Jesus was recognised by St. Peter after his resurrection (see Corinthians 15:35-57), this shows us that when we are resurrected, our new bodies will be recognisable to our family and friends. Jewish beliefs about death are not so different from those of Christianity. Instead of Heaven and Hell, Jews believe that all souls go to ‘Sheol’, a shadowy underworld. The Jewish faith also has beliefs on resurrection. According to Maimonides, when the Messiah comes, all the dead will be resurrected and judged. In death, every member of the family is affected. Adults know what is going on, but what about the children. What should we tell them? Many parents explain to their children that whoever has died has ‘gone with the angels’. This is often the easiest way as children associate angels with happiness. This reasoning is often why people grow up imagining Heaven to be in the clouds above our Earth and full of angels, it is a remnant of our childhood. However, some parents decide to not tell their children anything. It all depends on the individual child and how they will cope with this new information. Some children can cope with the hard evidence – someone has died and isn’t going to come back, while others cannot grasp the concept of death until they are much older. All religions have theories on life and death. In the New Age religions, many people believe in the Gaia theory. The Gaia theory was developed many hundreds of years ago and can be found in old texts about the meaning of life. The Gaia theory tells us that the Earth on which we live has a spirit and that all living organisms have their spirit given by Gaia (the Earth spirit). These organisms live their respective lives and ‘soak’ up their experiences to enrich its spirit. When the organism dies, its spirit returns to Gaia and the experiences it had allow Gaia to create new lives. After looking at several different religions, it is apparent that all have one thing in common – the belief that after you die a part of you lives on and returns to something, be it Allah, Gaia or God.

Medical Ethics in Islam

In our lives, we often face difficult decisions, some relating to life and death, medical ethics. Should I donate a kidney so that another may live? Should I turn off life support for my brain-dead child? Should I mercifully end the suffering of my terminally ill, elderly mother? If I am pregnant with quintuplets, should I abort one or more so that the others have a better chance of surviving? If I face infertility, how far should I go in treatment so that I might, Allah-willing, have a child? As medical treatment continues to expand and advance, more ethical questions come up. For guidance on such matters, Muslims turn first to the Quran. Allah gives us general guidelines to follow, that are constant and timeless. The Saving of Life ...We ordained for the Children of Israel that if any one slew a person - unless it be for murder or for spreading mischief in the land - it would be as if he slew the whole people. And if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people.... (Quran 5:32) Life and Death are in Allahs Hands Blessed be He in whose hands is the Dominion, and he has Power over all things. He who created death and life that He may test which of you are best in deed, and He is Exalted in Might, Oft-Forgiving. (Quran 67: 1-2) No soul can die except by Allahs permission. (Quran 3:185) Human Beings Should Not Play God Does not man see that it is We who created him from sperm. Yet behold! He stands as an open adversary! And he makes comparisons for Us, and forgets his own creation. He says who can give life to (dry) bones and decomposed ones? Say, He will give them life who created them for the first time, for He is versed in every kind of creation. (Quran 36: 77-79) Abortion Kill not your children on a plea of want. We will provide sustenance for you and for them. Come not near shameful deeds whether open or secret. Take not life which God has made sacred except by way of justice and law. Thus He commands you that you may learn wisdom. (6:151) Kill not your children for fear of want. We shall provide sustenance for them as well as for you. Verily the killing of them is a great sin. (17:31) Other Sources of Islamic Law In modern times, as medical treatments advance further, we come across new situations which are not described in detail in the Quran. Oftentimes these fall into a gray area, and it is not as simple to decide what is right or wrong. We then turn to the interpretation of Islamic scholars, who are well-versed in the Quran and Sunnah. If scholars come to a consensus on an issue, it is a strong indication that it is a correct position. Some examples of scholarly fatwas on the subject of medical ethics include: Organ donation is permissible as long as no financial incentive is given, and no permanent harm comes to the donor.Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are prohibited.Mechanical life support should be continued until brain-death or imminent death has been confirmed by a physician or team of physicians, in which case it can be withdrawn.  Assisted reproduction is allowed as long as it is done with sperm and egg between husband and wife.Late-stage abortion is condemned unless necessary to save the mothers life. For specific and unique situations, a patient is advised to speak to an Islamic scholar for guidance.