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I have read and at a lower definestood The University of Sydney faculty member Dish mavinsty and Plagiarism in Coursework insurance policy 2012 . I get wind that failure to pursue with the Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism in Coursework Policy tolerate lead to the University commencing proceeding against me for potential student misconduct under Chapter 8 of the University of Sydney By-Law 1999 (as amended). 4. This work is substantially my own, and to the bulge outcome that any affair of this work is non my own I have indicated that it is non my own by acknowledging the source of that part or those parts of the work. . The assessment has not been submitted previously for assessment in this or any other unit, or round other institution. . I acknowledge that the assessor of this concession may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment may vomit up this assignment and provide a re replica to another member of the Faculty of wellness Sciences and/or Use similarity staining softw ar (which may then bear on a copy of the assignment on its database for the purpose of future plagiarism checking). 7. I have retained a duplicate copy of the assignment.Please type in your pick up here to acknowledge this declaration coherence Luau Now proceed to page 2 to begin your assignment. This template will set out your assignment file. OFFICE USE only when Question 1 positiveic surmise (Biological and Psychological Theory) The cocksure entree to abomin fitness introduced the idea of trial-and-errorly researching iniquity to understand the causes of flagitiousity, and thus the solutions to solving it. Positivism is establish in logic, and is the philosophy that combine epistemological phenomena with science (Blackmore, 1972).The theory assumes that unlawfuls atomic number 18 essentially distinguishable from non-criminals either biologicly (Limbos), psychologically (Freud), social (Park, Druthers) or in some combination of them all, ND th us withdraw to severalise people according to these differences ( nail, 2010). The get along ultimately replaced the rational man with the criminal type (Killing, 1997). The point of Enlightenment in the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate enforced humankind progression, and as such(prenominal), axiom Positivism gain popularity.It was a get going from abstract reasoning to rationalism, from superstition to science, with the number of intellectuals with philosophies to understand and improve the world (Porter, 2001). Since this clip, the positivist approach has guided policymaking throughout the criminal Justice system. Positivism foc apply on specifically tailored treatment to play the needs of offenders (Treadwell, 2006). Positivists dismiss any approach example of evidence that does not have an empirical basis, such as religion, magic, philosophy and customs (Blackmore, 1972).Those that quarternot be objectively experienced are rejected, in so that positivists can beg off criminal behavior through that which can only be observed or measured (Boom, 2010). Biological positivists look at observables such as anatomical supernormalities, recognisable genetic of gene patterns, and bodily actions where as psychological positivists will look at biological observables, but will impart behavioral component parts, for instance, child rearing practices and wag abnormalities that causes identifiable behavior outcomes.Positivism views criminals as certain(a) kinds of human beings who are g overned by internal phenomena, which have been set in place by an external factor that is out of their comprise. It follows that criminals do not make decisions regarding their criminal behavior, and thus, the abstract view of humans being rational were discarded. Biological theories sought to come up a biological defect privileged individuals that caused a predisposition towards criminal behavior.Limbos was one of the most influential early biological thinkers a nd positivist theorists, and was influenced by phrenology in his theory. Phrenology is the innovation that the shape of your skull defines your character. Through his studies, Limbos identified born(p) criminals to be dangerous evolutionary throwbacks (Limbos, 2006). He identified natural features of criminals, which supported this conception, as they echoed biological features of an ape. Among others, Limbos classified several criminal characteristics through analyze cadavers of executed criminals.Features such as smaller and more ill-shapen skulls, canine teeth, protruding ears, excessive hairiness and unusually long arms were tell to be common features in criminals (Limbos, 2006). Generally, biological positivists search for biological causes generally in genetic inheritance. The chromosome pairing of an ordinary egg-producing(prenominal) is XX, and for a male, XX. However, there are course occurring variations, for example the pairing EX. of chromosomes, known as the Sk illfulnesss Syndrome (Taylor, Walton and Young, 1973).This theory acquireed that people with an wasted X chromosome were more likely to omit disgusts and could be identified by their biological and physical features, such as lacking seventh cranial nerve air, round bodies and were frequently infertile. However, hike investigation into this theory showed that abnormal people containing an senseless Y chromosome showed signs of slight kind deficiency. On this assumption, Price undertook chromosome counts on all for sale male patients in a additional security institution in Scotland and engraft that X males tended to be severe psychopaths.The extra Y chromosome, therefore, appeared to be positively colligate to increased eight and psychopaths. In essence, biological positivists were attempting to be able to position criminals by looking at them. Psychological positiveness focuses on aggression, psychopathology and violence when studying crime (Storefront, 1990). It is base d in the domain of psychometrics that seeks to measure psychological and mental differences between criminals and non- criminals.One of the most famous theories in this field is Sigmund Freuds theory of the structures of the mind, used to explain the influence of the unconscious over conscious thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The theory divides itself into the unconscious id, the ego, and the superego (Martin, 2007). Further, Wilson and Hermistons reputation study and crime concluded that crime is a rational act of risky personality (Treadwell, 2006). Furthermore, psychologically based theories in criminology have focused on inferior cognitions as causes of crimes.Hostels and Sameness (2004) extended this notion by their study of male offenders from a variety of backgrounds, which were divided into an experimental base and compared to a control chemical group of normal convicted prisoners. The 2 theorists legged that a common factor in shaping the thinking pattern of crimina ls was denial of responsibility. They concluded that these thinking errors were an chance of criminal thinking patterns, and developed a cognitive treatment programmer to cure these errors.Druthers held the ruling that societies are external to the individuals who compose them (Schemas, 1994), and from this, formulate his notion of a social fact. A social fact is every dash of performing, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external unobtrusiveness or again, every way of acting which is general wrought a prone society, while at the same time existing in its own accountability independent of its individual manifestations. Druthers was the start of early positivist Social interrogation with his famous study of suicide.This was so others would be able to develop evidence for ideas on human behavior rather than unsubstantiated theories. The use of positivism in criminology aims to identify the problem and treat it, and thus control crime and criminality. In more novel times, Rained conducted a study in 1998 on the brains of murderers as compared to a control group using PET scans. In the fount of those who committed impulsive murders, Rained concluded that the delirious impulsive murderers are less able to regulate and control aggressive impulses generated from subtropic structures due to deficient preferential principle (Rafter, 2008).Despite conclusions drawn from the movement in criminology, it was claimed that genuinely little of coetaneous psychology can be described as positivistic (McGuire, 2004) as it is not directly observable, and thus to beau it with Positivism is fallacious. Theorists such as Boom criticized Positivism for its flawed belief in roommate consensus (Boom, 2010), as well as Reid, who believed that positivism was a dualistic error (Reid, 1982).As the approach advocates two distinct groups of criminals and non-criminals whom are influenced by biological, psychological and social factors, other elements such as ones culture was push aside in the theory. In regards to the positivist approach to Skillfulnesss Syndrome, it was found out through further research that criminals had normal chromosomes and that non-criminals also had abnormal chromosomes, thus disproving the black and white persona of Iranians being the only people with rebel genetic material.Nonetheless, the Positivist movement has play a vital role in shaping the criminal Justice system. careless(predicate) of its ignorant faults in its biomedical and psychological aspects, the approach has influenced Western criminal codes and has force the modifications made of the classical model. Rushers, a neo day psychologist, bases his research on the Positivist theory. His book, Race, Evolution and Behavior (1995) attempts to show that due east Asian people and their descendants mean(a) a larger brain size, great intelligence, and slower rates of maturation than o Europeans and their descendants.The contributions of th e positivist school have combined with the classical theory of criminology to shape the contemporary criminal Justice system. The punishment of a criminal must fit the crime (Siegel, 2010), as in reality, victims and perpetrators are ofttimes the same people, Just swapping roles in different situations (Maguire, 1996). Positivism was formulated on the bearing of obtaining facts about human behavior, but as human existence is a knotty and volatile phenomenon, any attempt to classify it in black and white waterfall short.Aiming to obtain objective fact is serious in influencing criminal legislations, and can furnish solutions to committed crimes. However, relying solely on objectivity is impossible, and subjectivity must be legitimate as an inherent part of human nature as any claim of pure objectivity is simply untrue (Reid, 1982).